Astronomer,  Shen Kua was born in China in the year 1026. His family had an
unbroken tradition of being civil servants. Thus his father was a local
administrator of many posts from Szechwan in the west to the international port
of Amoy. At Sixteen years old Shen Kua left his home to travel with his father
from post to post. While traveling with his father, Shen Kua learned the
responsibilities of a local administrator. These responsibilities include a
broad range of technical and managerial problems in public works, finance,
improvement of agriculture, and maintenance of waterways. In 1051 his father
died and after a two year mourning period Shen Kua received his first
appointment as a local administrator at the age of twenty two. Soon after his
appointment he showed his skill in ability to plan by designing and overseeing a
drainage and embankment system that reclaimed some hundred thousand acres of
swampland for agriculture. A few years later he passed the national examinations
and was assigned a post in Yangchow. While in Yangchow he impressed the Governor
Chang Ch'u so much that he recommended that Shen be appointed to the department
of Financial Administration. It was about this time that he began to study
astronomy. His first works as an astronomer came when he set down clear
explanations concerning the sphericity of the sun and the moon as proved by
lunar phases, of eclipse limits and the retrogradation of the lunar nodes. These
explanations gave the ability to visualize motions in space Which in the past
was only best implicit in numerical procedures of traditional astronomy and
seldomly discussed in technical writing. Because of this work Shen was given an
additional appointed as director of the Astronomical Bureau. His first project
as director was a major calendar reform. This reform started with a series of
daily observations of the stars that lasted over five years. While these
observations where being performed Shen realized the need for a major redesign
of major astronomical instruments. The most significant change that Shen made
was to the gnomon. The gnomon was still being used to measure the noon shadow
and fix the solstices. Shen redesigned the armillary sphere that is used to make
angular measurements, and the clepsydra which determines the time that
observations are made. He improved the armillary sphere by improving the
diameter of the naked eye sighting tube. Shen noticed that the polestar could no
longer be seen in the sighting tube at night. He slowly widened the tube by
using the plots of the polestar three times a night for three months to adjust
the aim. His new calibration revealed that the tube was slightly three degrees
off. The clepsydra also had calibration problems as well, in the past day and
night were separately divided by hours. Shen realized that day and night hours
were different from season to season. The time was read from float rods in an
overflow-tank. Shen saw these problems and proposed a new design for these float
tanks. Shen also made his mark in his discussions of solar, lunar, and eclipse
phenomena. This by far was the most extraordinary of his cosmological hypothesis
that accounts for variations in planetary motions that include retrogradation.
Shen noted that the greatest planetary anamoloy happened near stationary points.
He proposed a model that suggested that the planet moved in the shape of a
willow leaf attached to one side of a periphery circle. The way the planets
changed thier direction of motion in respect to the stars was explained by the
travel from one point of the leaf to the other. This served the same purpose as
the epicycle served in Europe Shen's writings were in part considered to be the
highest achievement in traditional Chinese mathematical astronomy. After his
impeachment from office at the age of fifty-one Shen moved to a small piece of
land in the country. It was there that Shen completed three books and an atlas
of China. One of these books was called "Brush Talks From The Dream
Brook". This book includes some of Shen Kua's most elaborate ideas on such
things as regularities underlying the phenomenal, technical skills,
deliberations of materia medica, and many miscellaneous notes.