For more than half a century science fiction writers have thrilled and
challenged readers with visions of the future and future worlds. These authors
offered an insight into what they expected man, society, and life to be like at
some future time. One such author, Ray Bradbury, utilized this concept in his
work, Fahrenheit 451, a futuristic look at a man and his role in society.
Bradbury utilizes the luxuries of life in America today, in addition to various
occupations and technological advances, to show what life could be like if the
future takes a drastic turn for the worse. He turns man's best friend, the dog,
against man, changes the role of public servants and changes the value of a
person. Aldous Huxley also uses the concept of society out of control in his
science fiction novel Brave New World. Written late in his career, Brave New
World also deals with man in a changed society. Huxley asks his readers to look
at the role of science and literature in the future world, scared that it may be
rendered useless and discarded. Unlike Bradbury, Huxley includes in his book a
group of people unaffected by the changes in society, a group that still has
religious beliefs and marriage, things no longer part of the changed society, to
compare and contrast today's culture with his proposed futuristic culture. But
one theme that both Brave New World and Fahrenheit 451 use in common is the
theme of individual discovery by refusing to accept a passive approach to life,
and refusing to conform. In addition, the refusal of various methods of escape
from reality is shown to be a path to discovery. In Brave New World, the main
characters of Bernard Marx and the "Savage" boy John both come to
realize the faults with their own cultures. In Fahrenheit 451 Guy Montag begins
to discover that things could be better in his society but, sue to some
uncontrollable events, his discover happens much faster than it would have. He
is forced out on his own, away from society, to live with others like himself
who think differently that the society does. Marx, from the civilized culture,
seriously questions the lack of history that his society has. He also wonders as
to the lack of books, banned because they were old and did not encourage the new
culture. By visiting a reservation, home of an "uncivilized" culture
of savages, he is able to see first hand something of what life and society use
to be like. Afterwards he returns and attempts to incorporate some of what he
saw into his work as an advertising agent. As a result with this contrast with
the other culture, Marx discovers more about himself as well. He is able to see
more clearly the things that had always set him on edge: the promiscuity, the
domination of the government and the lifelessness in which he lived. (Allen)
John, often referred to as "the Savage" because he was able to leave
the reservation with Marx to go to London to live with him, also has a hard time
adjusting to the drastic changes. The son of two members of the modern society
but born and raised on the reservation, John learned from his mother the values
and the customs of the "civilized" world while living in a culture
that had much different values and practices. Though his mother talked of the
promiscuity that she had practiced before she was left on the reservation (she
was accidentally left there while on vacation, much as Marx was) and did still
practice it, John was raised, thanks to the people around him, with the belief
that these actions were wrong. Seeing his mother act in a manner that obviously
reflected different values greatly affected and hurt John, especially when he
returned with Marx to London. John loved his mother, but he, a hybrid of the two
cultures, was stuck in the middle. (May) These concepts, human reaction to
changes in their culture and questioning of these changes, are evident
throughout the book. Huxley's characters either conform to society's demands for
uniformity or rebel and begin a process of discovery; there are no people in the
middle. By doing so, Huxley makes his own views of man and society evident. He
shows that those who conform to the "brave new world" become less
human, but those who actively question the new values of society discover truth
about the society, about themselves, and about people in general. An example of
this is Huxley's views of drugs as an escape. The conforming members of society
used widely a drug called soma, which induces hallucinations and escapes from
the conscious world for two to eight hour periods. Those very few who didn't,
John included, mainly did not because they thought the drug either unclean or an
easy escape, one not needed in a society aiming at making life very simple. By
refusing to "go along" in this escape from reality, John is ultimately
able to break from society and define his own destiny. In Fahrenheit 451 Guy
Montag, the main character, is able to see through the government and the
official policies of his society. He does so by gradually beginning to question
certain aspect of society which most simply accept as fact. Montag's job as a
fireman serves as a setting to show how many people passively accept the
absurdity of their society. Instead of rushing to put out fires, as firemen
today do, Montag rushes to start fires, burning the books and homes of people
reported to have books. This was considered by most people to be a respectable
profession. But on different occasions Montag took a book out of burning homes
and would from time to time read them. From this, he begins to to question the
values of his society. Montag's marriage also serves a setting to contrast
passive acceptance versus questioning of society's values. His marriage is not
the happy kind that couples today experience but more like a coexistence. He and
his wife live together and he supports her, though he apparently neither loves
her a great deal or expects her to love him. This relationship and living
arrangement, with its lack of love, is Bradbury's way of showing what life could
be like if people not only stop communicating but stop thinking and choosing,
thus loosing control over their lives. Montag and his wife continue to live
together though people in that situation today would not hesitate to terminate
such a relationship. Montag's wife apparently accepts this relationship because
it is normal for the society in which she lives. (Wolfheim) Like Brave New
Worldcharacters escaping from reality through the use of soma, Montag's wife,
and many other characters, escape through watching a sophisticated form of
television. This television system covers three of the walls of the Montag's TV
room (they can't afford to buy the screen to cover the fourth wall), has a
control unit that allows the watchers to interact with the characters on the
program and another unit that inserts Mrs. Montag's name into specific places,
thus creating the image they the characters are actually conversing with them.
Montag's wife, having only a few friends and ones she rarely sees, spends much
of her day in this room, watching a program called "The Family", a
government sponsored program that shows the viewers what life at home should be
like. The problem with this is that Montag's wife takes the program as a
substitute for reality. She is almost addicted to the program, much as people
were with soma in Brave New World. Bradbury uses this television and it's
programs as a way of showing the escape he is worried people will look for in
the future. Without actively questioning society's values, he is concerned that
people will look for ways to idly spend their time. But like Marx, Montag
chooses not to take part in this addiction. By abstaining, he can see the
affects it's use has on the people around him, much as Marx and more importantly
John the Savage saw in their culture. Both authors try to show that with life
made easier by strong government control and a lack of personal involvement
people will no longer spend their time thinking, questioning or developing their
own ideas. Through these various diversions from normal behavior in society,
Marx, John the Savage and Guy Montag are able to see the truths behind the
societies they live in and are able to learn about themselves. And though their
discoveries meant that their lives would be changed forever, the authors
succeeded in showing that the key to humanity lies in thinking and questioning.
These men found themselves through their own discoveries, much as Bradbury and
Huxley hope others will do.
Bibliography
Allen, Walter The Modern Novel. Dutton, 1964 May, Keith M. Aldous Huxley.
Paul Elek Books Ltd., 1972 Wolfheim, Donald The Universe Makers. Harper and Row,
1971