In the past, critics have ad moralized and/or brutalized every writer they could
get their pen on. This is seen from criticisms of Henry Adams to William Butler
Yeats. These writers critique everything about the writer and his/her works. For
instance many critics criticize Willa Cather's novel, My Antonia. Their
criticisms lie on the basis that My Antonia is based on cyclical themes with no
structure holding each of the My Antonia's books. In other words, as a
collection of five different accounts remembered by the main character, Jim
Burden, My Antonia is characterized by a loose plot structure yet the existence
of common themes is expressed in a cyclical nature. According to James E.
Miller, Jr.'s " 'My Antonia': A Frontier Drama of Time," Willa
Cather's novel, My Antonia, is "defective in structure." (Bloom 51)
Its structure is basically based on the narrators', which is Cather herself,
point of view about when the main character, Jim Burden, remembers specific
moments in an abstract pattern in his life about his Antonia. This is so because
the collection of books that make up the novel, My Antonia, is about Willa
Cather; the narrator's idea of what and to what point Jim Burden remembers.
Miller also states that the novel "lacks focus and abounds in
irrelevancies." (Wells 1) This is due to the fact that Cather didn't
provide and consistent character portrayal throughout her novel. Another critic,
Kim Wells, asserts Miller's opinion on the novel. Because as he states the novel
has many "variations from a theme." (Wells 1) For instance the section
about the hired girls and also the part when Peter and Pavel, two lonesome
Russian Settlers, tell Jim and Antonia a tragic tale that horrifies and
fascinates the children. This tale was about when Peter and Pavel drove a sled
with a bridal couple across dark, snowy Russian country and were attacked by
hordes of ravenous wolves, where the wolves killed both the bride and the groom.
These examples are "divergences which weaken the overall structure of the
novel." (Wells 1) Even though both critics say that the novel has a loose
structure, they also state that the only thing that resembles any type of
structure is the constant use of cyclical themes. For instance as Miller puts
it, " the cycle of the seasons of the year, the cycle of the stages of
human life, and the cycle of the cultural phases of civilization." (Bloom
59) In Miller's essay he states that in "The first book of My Antonia, The
Shimerdas, introduces from the start the drama of time in the vivid accounts of
the shifting seasons…portraying the terrible struggle for mere existence in
the bleakness of the plains' winter, dramatizing the return of life with the
arrival of spring, and concluding with the promise of a rich harvest in the
intense heat of the prairie's summer. This is Jim Burden's remembered year, and
it is his obsession with the cycle of time that has caused him to recall Antonia
in a setting of the changing seasons." (Miller 55) Book one, "The
Shimerda's", introduce the beginning of two cyclical themes. One of which
is the cycle of the seasons of the year, which begins in the narrators'/Jims'
mind in the autumn when the Shimerdas move to Nebraska, the winter when Mr.
Shimerda commits suicide, then spring followed the death of Mr. Shimerda, and
finally summer in the cyclical theme of the seasons of the year which created
another cyclical pattern within itself. This imbedded cyclical theme is on the
stages of life is based on the fact that Antonia moves into adulthood while Jim
stays as a child as stated by Kim Wells. (Wells 1) This happens because in the
section the hired girls Antonia moves into the city from the farm where she used
to live. The movement from a rural to an urban area made Antonia mature quicker
so she would be able to survive in the city. While on the other hand Jim leaves
the farm to go to college, in which inclosing walls unlike that of Antonia
protects him. Then Antonia moves into adulthood with a marriage and birth while
Jim is at college toiling on the prospect of adult love with Lena Lingred.
Finally, Jim moves into an odd marriage and then goes back to the farm with
Antonia and her children. In the novel the reader encounters the impression that
Jim is more closely alike to the children in maturity than that of the maturity
of Antonia. "She was a battered woman now, not a lovely girl; but she still
had that something which fires the imagination, could still stop one's breath
for a movement by a look or gesture that somehow revealed the meaning in common
things." (Cather 261) In this we see Jim's feeling of incompleteness while
on the other hand Antonia is an adult with a worn body and a spirit which is
there unlike that of Jim's spirit which appears lost even though his body looks
new. The theme that life is a cycle in My Antonia is also supported by Harold
Bloom's comment, "It is in the dramatization of Antonia from the girlhood
of the opening pages through her physical flowering in the middle books to,
finally, her reproduction of the race in a flock of fine boys in the final pages
of the book that her life it represented…as a cycle in its stages of birth,
growth, fruition and decline. " (Bloom 54-55) In which he describes how
Antonia went from girlhood in the beginning of the novel to her regression back
into childhood. Even though the regression is usually seen in Jim Burden going
"home to [him] self." (Cather 273) The fact that Jim is going back to
Antonia is like going home to his childhood. It is at that moment that he
realizes that Antonia's and his love does not depend on physical proximity.
"The fittest place to talk to each other." (Cather 239) Also in coming
back to his psychological childhood he asks Antonia, " 'I'd have liked to
have you for a sweetheart, or a wife, or my mother or my sister--anything that a
woman can be to a man.'" (Cather 240) The end of the novel is also without
a circle. The completion of the novel has a literal homecoming and completion of
the circle. This circle is when Jim Burden goes back to the road with which the
novel began, and ending as it began in the autumn of the year. An even greater
importance is Jim's sense of returning to an awareness of the deep sources of
his life, as symbolized in his childhood, in the land, and in Antonia. "The
feelings of that night were so near that I could reach out and touch them with
my hand. I had the sense of coming home to myself, and of having found out what
a little circle man's experience is." (Cather 273) Every writer has been
criticized in the past. The future will hold the same thing for them, whether it
is a brutalizing and/or ad moralizing pen. Willa Cather's novel, My Antonia, is
one of hundreds of thousands of novels, poems, and etc. of literary works, which
are criticized. The critics that criticize the novel, My Antonia, all explain
the fact that the novel has a very loose structure or none at all. With that in
mind they also explain that the only literary technique, which was used in the
novel, that holds the whole novel together is the constant cyclical themes.
These themes are the cycle of the stages of human life, the cycle of the seasons
of the year, and the cycle of the cultural phases of civilization.

Bibliography
Mayell, Frank. American Literature: Realism to 1945. Pasadua: Salem Press
inc., 1981 Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Views: Willa Cather. New York: Chelsea
House Publisher, 1985. Wells, Kim. Domestic Goddesses. August 23, 1999. Online.
Internet. November 4, 1998.