Colgate was founded in the United States in 1806 and for the first 100 years,
its business focus was only there. However, in the very early 1900's, the
Company began a very aggressive expansion program that led to the establishment
of Colgate operations throughout the world. Today, Colgate-Palmolive is a $9
billion company, marketing its products in over 200 countries and territories
under such internationally recognized brand names as Colgate, Palmolive, Ajax,
Fab, and Mennen as well as Hill's Science Diet and Hill's Prescription Diet.
Colgate Total is considered the greatest evolution in toothpaste since the
introduction of fluoride. This highly effective formula, containing fluoride and
the antimicrobial ingredient, Triclosan, has been demonstrated clinically to
help prevent gingivitis, plaque, cavities and tartar. And, its unique patented
formula, containing the co-polymer, Gantrez, continues to be active between
brushings. It continues to work fighting plaque, gingivitis, tartar and cavities
after you stop brushing, even if you eat or drink. No other toothpaste
manufactured in the US contains Triclosan or has been cleared to make claims for
gingivitis and plaque reduction. Since the announcement of the FDA clearance of
Colgate Total on July 14, 1997, retailers have expressed unprecedented
enthusiasm and interest. Dr. Sigmund S. Socransky, Associate Professor of Oral
Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Senior Member of the Staff and
Head, Departments of Microbiology and Periodontology, Forsyth Dental Center,
said, "Colgate Total represents one of the most remarkable oral therapeutic
achievements in the last 20 years." Colgate Total will benefit the oral
health of all users. The most common non-contagious diseases are periodontal
diseases such as gingivitis. In fact, 63% of Americans suffer from gingivitis.
As the only toothpaste with this formula, Colgate Total will help Americans take
greater care of their teeth and gums than ever before and will help younger
people prevent these dental problems. Since Colgate Total was introduced
internationally in 1992, over half a billion tubes have been purchased by
millions of consumers in 103 countries. However, before permitting it to be
marketed in the US, the FDA conducted an extensive review of data in Colgate’s
clinical tests. These included five major studies that supported the safety and
efficacy of the toothpaste. Independent dental associations in 30 countries,
including the American, Canadian and British Dental Associations, have awarded
seals of acceptance to Colgate Total. Colgate Total will begin shipping to food,
drug and mass merchandisers nationwide on December 15, 1997, and will have a
suggested retail price of $2.49, $2.99 and $3.49 for 4.2, 6.0 and 7.8 ounce
tubes, respectively. Colgate-Palmolive is a leading global consumer products
company tightly focused on Oral Care, Personal Care, Household Care, Fabric Care
and Pet Nutrition. In the U.S., Colgate sells its quality products under such
nationally recognized brand names as Colgate, Palmolive, Mennen, Ajax, Irish
Spring, Softsoap, Murphy Oil Soap, Ultra Brite, Baby Magic and Fab, as well as
Hill's Science Diet and Hill's Prescription Diet pet foods. Executive summary
Successful international marketers possess the ability to identify with and
adapt to different cultural environments. International marketing requires that
one actively anticipate the effects both foreign and domestic uncontrollable
environments exert over the marketing mix, and then adequately adjust the
marketing mix to minimize potential negative effects. Often times an
international marketer’s self-reference criterion impede his or her ability to
accurately assess and properly respond to foreign operating environments. Rather
than rely on their own self reliance criteria, international marketers must
conduct far-reaching, comprehensive cultural and economic analyses of potential
foreign markets in order to develop more effective and responsive marketing
mixes that improve the success potential of their market-development strategies.
Argentina certainly represents a viable market-development opportunity for
Colgate Total toothpaste. U.S. companies intending to export to Argentina should
consider economic, demographic, as well as cultural characteristics that
differentiate it from other Latin American countries. Having the highest per
capita gross domestic product and the second highest total gross domestic
product and life expectancy in Latin America, as well as low rates of population
increase and illiteracy rates, Argentina attracts many business opportunities.
The population and economic activity are highly concentrated in the Greater
Buenos Aires area. The population is largely of European descent and continues
to have strong ethnic, cultural, as well as business ties with Europe. Consumer
preferences tend to resemble more those of Europeans than those of other Latin
America nationals. However, revenues are highly dependent on MERCOSUR trade,
especially with Brazil, and the regional economic situation. In many sectors,
European competitors of U.S. firms are already present in the market, and may be
well entrenched. Nevertheless, the U.S. is Argentina’s single largest trade
and investment partner and many U.S. firms have been very successful. U.S.
lifestyle and consumption habits are increasingly influential. U.S. products
have a strong reputation for quality and technological innovation, but U.S.
firms are sometimes seen as lacking commitment to the market. It is important to
be prepared for a competitive market environment. As in many countries, personal
relationships are fundamental to doing business in Argentina. Success requires
taking the time to develop a close personal relationship with your
representative, agent or distributor. Marketing U.S. products and services in
Argentina requires the same level of research, preparation and involvement--if
not more--as domestic marketing. U.S. firms handicap themselves if their product
literature, labels, manuals and other written materials are not in Spanish. When
preparing Spanish-language materials, care should be taken to ensure the meaning
is consistent for all Spanish-speaking markets in which they will be used.
Argentine Spanish differs for example, from Mexican or Chilean Spanish, with
unintended - and sometimes embarrassing - meanings resulting when a translator
is not familiar with variations in the language from market to market. After
analyzing the product and its uses and establishing who the potential customers
are, U.S. companies intending to export to Argentina should identify the
geographical areas where the major users of the product are. It should be born
in mind that 80 percent of the Argentine population is concentrated in urban
areas, with over 35% living in Buenos Aires and its suburbs, and almost 10% in
three cities Cordoba, Rosario and Mendoza and their suburbs. Argentina
experienced a boom in economic growth in the early 1990s as a result of its
structural reform (privatizations, trade liberalization, etc) and monetary
stability. Real GDP growth averaged over 6% for the 1991-97 period. Since
October 1997, a series of international financial shocks coupled with a fall in
international commodity prices have translated into lower growth rates. After
growth of 8.4% in 1997, GDP percent in 1998 grew 4.3. In the second semester of
1998 Argentina entered into a recession. Most experts predict negative growth of
between -2.5 and -3.5 for 1999, with a possible return to positive growth in the
second half of the year 2000. Despite the current recession, Argentina -- with a
track record of macroeconomic stability, a growing and sophisticated consumer
market, free capital flows, lucrative access to Mercosur and nondiscriminatory
foreign investment regime -- remains an attractive emerging market for U.S.
trade and investment. Many U.S. and other foreign firms continue having strong
interest in taking advantage of opportunities in Argentina arising from Mercosur.
Major U.S. investors, including car manufacturers and food processors access
Mercosur markets through operations in Argentina. Mercosur has become a key
element of the business strategy of many foreign manufacturing and services
firms in Argentina. To avoid reliance on self-reference criterion during the
marketing plan development process, the international marketer carefully
researched Argentina’s unique cultural elements (i.e.: geographic setting,
social institutions, religion and aesthetics, living conditions and language)
and economic elements (i.e.: population, economic statistics and activity, and
developments in science and technology). The information gathered through these
analyses helped the international marketer to identify key strategic issues and
to formulate actionable strategies for the introduction of Colgate Total
toothpaste in Argentina. Furthermore, the unique cultural and economic elements
exhibited by Argentina guided the international marketer in making decisions
throughout the international marketing planning process, which consists of the
following four phases: preliminary analysis and screening adapting the marketing
mix developing the marketing mix control and evaluation. Preliminary Analysis
and Screening In the process of conducting a situation analysis, the marketer
must identify the strengths and weaknesses of Colgate-Palmolive and Colgate
Total toothpaste along with the opportunities and threats present in Argentina.
Smoking out key strategic issues naturally flows from drawing connections
between the strengths and opportunities, strengths and threats, weaknesses and
opportunities, and weaknesses and threats of Colgate-Palmolive and Argentina
respectively. The most relevant strategic issues related to the introduction of
Colgate Total toothpaste in Argentina are listed under the following
subheadings: Deep Capital Reservoirs Capable of Fueling Market Development
Colgate-Palmolive achieved a recorded-setting cash flow of $917 million for
1996, up 13 percent from 1995. Furthermore, on March 6, 1997, the Board of
Directors declared a 17 percent dividend increase and a two-for-one stock split
starting April 25, 1997. Undoubtedly, overcoming major barriers to market entry,
such as the high costs of educating the public about prevention of periodontal
disease, strengthening product distribution intensity, and gaining strategic
shelf positioning, would require Colgate-Palmolive to shell out huge amounts of
capital. In addition to already having a record supply of internal capital at
its disposal, Colgate-Palmolive, could capitalize on stockholder confidence to
raise the marginal capital it needs to aggressively introduce Colgate Total
toothpaste in Argentina. Experience Curve to Facilitate New Product Introduction
When applied to Colgate-Palmolive, the experience curve concept states that
product costs, corrected for inflation, decline with accumulated output.
Learning effects, technological improvements, and economies of scale are the
three sources for cost declines vis-à-vis increases in volume. With its
extensive expertise in research and development (introduced 602 new products
world-wide in 1996), manufacturing, distribution (Colgate Distribution 2000),
sales, and marketing its products on a global scale, Colgate-Palmolive would
benefit from these gains in worker skill and output with Colgate Total
toothpaste in Argentina. Furthermore, Colgate-Palmolive would likely call on
several of its factories located in South America to manufacture Colgate Total
for Argentina before purchasing domestic production facilities. Foreign-based
factories could realize short-term economies of scale until Colgate-Palmolive
decides it would like to make a long-term commitment with respect to production
in Argentina. Product R&D Capable of Meeting Evolving Consumer Needs Strong
global growth in unit volume for Colgate-Palmolive resulted from the
introduction of 602 new products by its research and development team. Similar
to other developing nations, as personal income grows in Argentina, consumer
needs will tend to evolve towards that of a higher order-based on Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs. Newly initiated members of the middle class in Argentina
will become more concerned with their health and capable of paying for related
products. Since Colgate-Palmolive already markets many oral and personal care
products, it could benefit from capitalizing on this growing market in
Argentina. Colgate Total toothpaste could serve as the lead product that would
leverage future line extensions in the form of oral care products. Gantrez Gives
Colgate Total a Sustainable Competitive Advantage A product must fulfill the
following criteria in order to possess a strategic competitive advantage: (1)
better than competing products with respect to a feature/advantage/benefit that
customers and competitors perceive as meaningful, (2) better by a significant
amount and not imitable, and (3) advantage must be perceived by customers and
competitors. First, Gantrez, a co-polymer additive and key ingredient in Colgate
Total toothpaste, prolongs the retention of fluoride, Tricloscan and other
active ingredients that help prevent plaque, gingivitis, cavities, tartar, and
bad breath on oral and soft tissues. Gantrez prolongs product benefits for up to
twelve hours after brushing, even after product users eat or drink something,
giving their teeth unparalleled protection against periodontal disease. Second,
performance of and benefits derived from comparably-priced products do not even
compare to that of Colgate Total toothpaste, and due to the patent on Gantrez,
competitors may not easily copy this product. Third, both consumers and
competitors perceive Colgate Total as one of the greatest achievements in oral
care over the last 20 years. Essentially, Gantrez provides Colgate Total with a
sustainable competitive advantage over competing products in Argentina, which
affords Colgate the opportunity to implement a niche-based differentiation
marketing strategy. After performing the situation analysis, the marketer must
then position Colgate Total Toothpaste to appeal to the needs of a customer
segment whose members are identifiable and accessible and also demonstrate
adequate potential and responsiveness. When positioning a product, the marketer
must proceed through each of the following three steps: segmentation target
market selection positioning Following the processes and fulfilling the criteria
involved with the aforementioned steps required by this process yielded the
following positioning statement: To position Colgate Total toothpaste as
offering superior prevention of periodontal diseases to members of middle class
households between the ages of 6 and 45 with the competitive superiority of
prolonged protection of oral and soft tissues based on its patented co-polymer
additive, Gantrez. A specialty niche positioning strategy best matches the
features, advantages and benefits of Colgate Total toothpaste. Ultimately,
Colgate-Palmolive should market Colgate Total toothpaste to younger, married,
middle class, Argentine women. Gender roles dictate that women exert
considerable influence over family related purchase decisions. Especially with
respect to convenience and shopping goods, the wife of the household plays the
role(s) of the initiator, information gatherer, influencer, decision-maker, and
purchasing agent. Adapting the Marketing Mix Laying the groundwork for making
marketing mix decisions, the product-market definition serves to keep marketing
strategies focused. To fulfill the criteria for the product-market definition,
the marketer must determine product type, geographic area, customer type, and
customer needs. Colgate-Palmolive would likely choose to market Colgate Total
toothpaste in 4.2, 6, and 7.8 ounce squeezable tubes. Considering that 84.5
percent of Argentines live in urban areas, Colgate-Palmolive could achieve
greater economies of scale and better measure correlation between promotions and
sales by distributing Colgate Total through larger, more modern grocery store
chains located in densely populated, cosmopolitan Buenos Aires and Southern
Santa Fe. As stated earlier, Colgate-Palmolive should market Colgate Total
toothpaste to younger, married, middle class, Argentine women to fulfill their
needs for value (longevity of product benefits requires fewer brushings per day
than regular toothpastes to achieve similar benefits), convenience
(multi-faceted nature of product features acts as a substitute for purchase of
regular toothpaste and antibacterial mouthwash), and peace of mind (special
formula performs much better against most major adult preventative concerns than
competing products). At first glance, demand for toothpaste in Argentina appears
to be selective, but substantial primary demand has yet to be cultivated due to
lack of personal income and/or consumer education. Worldwide annual per-capita
consumption of toothpaste averaged 363 grams or 12.8 ounces while consumers in
India used only 67 grams of toothpaste annually. The average annual per-capita
consumption of toothpaste in Argentina is probably somewhat lower than the
worldwide average due to a lower average personal income and a lack of consumer
education. However, with the help of Colgate-sponsored mobile clinics that would
bring dental hygiene programs, dental care professionals, and product samples to
uneducated consumers throughout the major urban areas in Argentina, primary
demand for toothpaste could grow along with selective demand for Colgate Total.
Cultural constraints often inhibit the fulfillment of international marketing
objectives. Due to the cultural similarities between Latin America countries, it
is entirely plausible that government officials and local businessmen in
Argentina customarily accept bribes from domestic and foreign-owned
corporations. Despite the fact that local citizens regard these practices as an
"observed cultural tradition," American businessmen should not conduct
business deals according to the adage "When in Rome, do as the Romans
do," especially if they involve bribery. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
deems that "any bribes paid to foreign officials, candidates, or political
parties" as being illegal, and those company officials, directors,
employees, or agents found guilty of paying a bribe or authorizing payment of a
bribe are subject to stiff penalties. Since Colgate-Palmolive already operates
in more than 200 countries throughout Asia, Latin America, Central Europe, and
Africa, Company officials, directors, employees, and agents are probably very
familiar with questionable business practices-when judged according to U.S.
ethical standards and law codes. However, although measures must be taken to
grease the wheels, perhaps it would be safer and just as effective for
Colgate-Palmolive officials, directors, employees, and agents to have a
"sales expense account" at their disposal so they could use company
funds to take influential people deep-sea fishing or sky-diving rather than pay
an outright bribe (Cateora 181). Economies of scale occur when a company markets
a product globally and experiences higher levels of efficiency through the
standardization of marketing mix elements. Colgate-Palmolive could standardize
the paste, tube, and packaging materials for Colgate Total toothpaste. If
another nearby factory in a neighboring country also manufactures product for
Spanish-speaking consumers-such as Ecuador, standardization could be achieved
for the copy imprinted on the Colgate Total tubes and boxes. Colgate Total
appeals to members of the emerging middle classes in other Latin American
countries, so standardized consumer and trade advertising could be implemented
across borders to appeal to socioeconomically similar target markets. However,
some primary research should first be conducted to test consumer reaction to
language differences, such as colloquialisms and annunciation. Developing the
Marketing Mix The lion’s share of the product decisions have already been made
by Colgate-Palmolive’s product development team. After analyzing product
information, the marketer subdivided product information for Colgate Total
toothpaste into features, advantages, and benefits. In its consumer advertising,
Colgate Total toothpaste should focus on communicating product features,
advantages, and especially the benefits that most appeal to target market
members. The features, advantages, and benefits for Colgate Total toothpaste are
as follows: ADA Seal of Acceptance Advantages: Protects against plaque,
gingivitis, and cavities Benefits: Increased confidence in product claims and
benefits Unique Colgate Total formula (fluoride and Tricloscan) Advantages:
Works to fight plaque, gingivitis, tartar, cavities, and bad breath; remains the
only toothpaste in the United States made with the antibacterial ingredient,
Tricloscan, which effectively controls a wide range of bacteria. Benefits:
Added-value derived from special formula that addresses most major adult oral
preventative concerns under the guise of one product. FDA clearance Advantages:
Affirms that the FDA believes this "everyday" toothpaste is safe for
all patients over 6 years old, and most important, effective for its intended
use, which validates its product claims and benefits derived from its new
ingredient. Benefits: Greater reassurance as to product’s basic safety and
efficacy Patented co-polymer additive called Gantrez, or PVM/MA Advantages:
Prolongs the retention of Tricloscan on oral and soft tissues and in plaque,
causing product benefits to continue to work, even after you eat or drink
something, for up to twelve hours after you stop brushing. Benefits: Added-value
derived from increased longevity of active ingredients, and corresponding
product benefits. Key compensatory flavor ingredients Advantages: Influenced an
overwhelming majority of consumers to choose Colgate Total over their regular
toothpaste based on taste. Benefits: Pleasurable taste and brushing derived from
toothpaste flavoring Carton made from recycled material Advantages: Motivates
consumers to perceive the product as being "green," or environmentally
sensitive. Benefits: Peace of mind from purchasing an environmentally conscious
product As mentioned earlier, Gantrez provides Colgate Total with a sustainable
competitive advantage, which dictates that Colgate-Palmolive implement a product
differentiation strategy. In terms of product pricing, a product differentiation
strategy equates to a value-pricing strategy. Value-pricing methods determine
product price based on consumer demand, or "charging what the market will
bear." Value-pricing applies to Colgate Total because it provides customers
with unique benefits that far exceed production costs. By differentiating its
product from that of competitors, Colgate-Palmolive incorporates inelasticity
into Colgate Total’s demand curve, which means consumer demand would be very
insensitive to a change in product price. According to the price inelasticity
concept, Colgate-Palmolive could raise the price for Colgate Total in Argentina
above the going market rate while increasing revenue and enjoying increased
margins (Nylen G-78, G-233). Colgate-Palmolive manufactures Colgate Total
toothpaste in 4.2, 6.0, and 7.8 ounce tubes that retail in the United States for
$2.49, $2.99, and 3.49 respectively. Starting with the base price for Colgate
Total in dollars, which already includes a target level of profit, the marketer
may arrive at the cost to end consumers in Argentina. A strong correlation has
been shown to exist between toothpaste price and sales because on average,
smaller sizes are more affordable to the greatest number of people. Since larger
sizes of Colgate Total may be priced beyond the budgets of some middle class
Argentines, the marketer stipulates that initial product introduction will
initially only involve the smaller 4.2 ounce tube priced at $2.49. The
calculations for import taxes and fees are as follows (Argentina Trade
Regulations and Standards): Base Price $2.49 Freight (8%) .¢20 C&F $2.69
Insurance (1.5% of C&F) ¢4 Dutiable Base $2.73 10% Duty ¢27 3% Statistics
Tax ¢8 VAT Base $3.08 Port Costs (6%) ¢18 Freight Forwader Fees (1.5%) ¢5
Bank Charges (2%) ¢6 Subtotal $3.37 VAT (21%) ¢70 Grand Total $4.07 If
Colgate-Palmolive integrates a consumer education theme throughout its
promotional mix for Colgate Total in Argentina, its new toothpaste will usurp
the toothpaste product category and steal considerable market share away from
competitors. Research conducted by Colgate-Palmolive has shown that a direct
relationship exists between increases in income and educational levels and per
capita toothpaste and toothbrush consumption, especially in high growth markets
where consumption has grown by more than two hundred percent over the last five
years. Taking these statistics into consideration, Colgate-Palmolive should
implement educational programs similar to those that achieved successful sales
results in other nations with low-frequency consumption of toothpaste, such as
India. Colgate-sponsored mobile clinics specially adapted to appeal to the needs
and tastes of Argentines could bring dental hygiene programs, dental care
professionals, and product samples to housewives in residential neighborhoods
and working mothers in the business districts of major cities. These mobile
clinics would increase consumer awareness of Colgate Total toothpaste’s
product features, advantages and benefits, which would grow product adoption and
usage frequency. If employed in a culturally sensitive manner, this
education-based aspect of the promotional mix could serve as a catalyst for
incremental growth in sales in Argentina. To further integrate consumer-directed
education about the prevention of periodontal disease and the benefits of
Colgate Total, Colgate Palmolive should promote its new product through select
print and television media. Colgate-Palmolive should place full color spreads in
housekeeping and businesswoman magazines targeted at housewives and working
mothers. The Colgate Total toothpaste logo and tube should be pictured, but the
advertisements should focus on conveying to mothers the perceived harm(s), such
as gingivitis and cavities, that could negatively influence the health of their
children and husbands. A cents-off promotional coupon redeemable at the local,
major cosmopolitan grocery store chain should be included on the lower right
hand corner of each spread. Complimentary half page newspaper advertisements
posted in the business and fashion sections of major newspapers, such as La Nación
and Clarín, should share similar advertising copy and cents-off similar to
magazine advertisements. Colgate-Palmolive should wrap-up its promotional
campaign with television commercials and sponsorship of product-based game shows
and soap operas. Colgate-Palmolive could include humorous commercial based on
the cultural mainstays of Argentine culture, such as skits played-out on gaucho
or tango settings. Consumer-based television commercials would target parents of
middle-aged family households. Advertising copy would focus on family-wide
product benefits, such as value, convenience, peace-of-mind, but would focus on
perceived risk for adults surrounding bad breath. In the Latin American culture,
people maintain very little distance between each other when speaking, which
could make for some embarrassing situations for those people with bad breath.
Finally, housewives who stay at home and care for the house and children
habitually watch product-based game shows and telenovelas, or soap operas. To
reach housewives, Colgate-Palmolive should advertise its Colgate Total
toothpaste on these day and evening shows. Control and Evaluation
Colgate-Palmolive could implement several control measures to measure the
effectiveness of current marketing strategies. For example, the Company could
conduct coupon tracking analysis of promotional coupons disbursed through local
newspapers and magazines. In this context, tracking of specially numbered
coupons could tell management in which areas promotional effectiveness and/or
consumer consumption are/is highest. Feedback gathered from coupon redemption
analysis would effect future modifications in the distribution and promotion
strategies present in the marketing plan. By choosing to initially conduct a new
product roll-out through more modern grocery stores, Colgate-Palmolive could
request and analyze sales records for Colgate Total toothpaste on a
store-by-store basis to conduct correlation analyses to determine which
promotional strategies yielded the best results based on a regional basis.
Again, feedback gathered from these correlation analyses would effect future
modifications in distribution and promotion strategies. Colgate-Palmolive should
also solicit for valuable feedback from its customers, employees, and
distributors. A toll free number should be placed on every package and tube of
Colgate Total toothpaste so that customers can ask questions about product usage
or give feedback on product performance. Colgate-Palmolive should also solicit
for feedback from domestic employees and distributors. No one knows the
Argentine marketplace better than the local players, and their feedback plays an
integral role improving efficiency and profitability in international markets.
Invaluable feedback gathered from customers, employees, and distributors would
give management the feedback they need to modify product design, marketing mix
strategies, distribution processes respectively.

Bibliography1. An Innovative Sheen In Oral Care. (toothpaste marketing of
Colgate-Palmolive Co.)(Brief Article)(Interview). Drug Store News, Nov 15, 1999
v21 i18 p14 2. Argentina. Country Commercial Guide, FY 2000. 3. Border
crossings: brands unify image to counter cult of culture. (companies strive to
develop global brand products). Brandweek, Oct 31, 1994 v35 n42 p24(5) . 4.
Colgate-Palmolive posts higher results. United Press International, Oct 21,
1999, p1008294u1548. 5. Colgate profit rose 18% in second period, led by Latin
America. Wall Street Journal; New York; Jul 25, 1997 6. Dusseau Charles. A new
opportunity. (Mercosur: Achievement and Perspectives). Latin Finance, September,
1993 n50 pTF57(6). 7. Harvilitcz, H., Colgate, Church & Dwight report good
quarters . Chemical Market Reporter; New York; Aug 3, 1998 8. Kahale Roxana M.
Argentina. (trade regulations)(includes directory) (The Latin America Trade
Finance Directory, 1993-94). Latin Finance, Jan-Feb 1994 n54 p94(1). 9. Kindel,
S., Selling by the book. (Colgate-Palmolive's global product-rollout strategy
detailed in its 'bundle books') (includes related articles). Sales &
Marketing Management, Oct 1994 v146 n11 p100(7). 10. Miler, C., Not quite
global: marketers’ “discover” the world but still have much to learn.
Marketing New, July 3, 1995 v29 n14 p1(4). 11. Randy Mye R., Palagonia, L.,
MERCOSUR's potential market is now over 200 million people with a combined
economy of nearly $1 trillion. Business America, August 1996 v117 n8 p17(2). 12.
Parker-Pope, T.,Whistle-Blower: P&G Calls the Cops As It Strives to Expand
Sales in Latin America Noted Marketer Tries to Sell Antitrust Notions in Bid To
Catch Its Giant 13. Rivals Sending In Legal Precedents. Wall Street Journal; New
York; Mar 20, 1998. 13. Wirth Fellman, M., C-P sinks teeth into global
opportunities. (Colgate-Palmolive Co.'s receipt of the 1997 New Product Marketer
of the Year award). Marketing News, March 30, 1998 v32, n7 pE2(2).