An August, 1996, series in the San Jose Mercury News by reporter Gary Webb
linked the origins of crack cocaine in California to the contras, a guerrilla
force backed by the Reagan administration that attacked Nicaragua's Sandinista
government during the 1980s. Webb's series, "The Dark Alliance," has
been the subject of intense media debate, and has focused attention on a foreign
policy drug scandal that leaves many questions unanswered. This electronic
briefing book is compiled from declassified documents obtained by the National
Security Archive, including the notebooks kept by NSC aide and Iran-contra
figure Oliver North, electronic mail messages written by high-ranking Reagan
administration officials, memos detailing the contra war effort, and FBI and DEA
reports. The documents demonstrate official knowledge of drug operations, and
collaboration with and protection of known drug traffickers. Court and hearing
transcripts are also included. Special thanks to the Arca Foundation, the Ruth
Mott Fund, the Samuel Rubin Foundation, and the Fund for Constitutional
Government for their support. Contents: Documentation of Official U.S. Knowledge
of Drug Trafficking and the Contras Evidence that NSC Staff Supported Using Drug
Money to Fund the Contras U.S. Officials and Major Traffickers: Manuel Noriega
José Bueso Rosa FBI/DEA Documentation Testimony of Fabio Ernesto Carrasco, 6
April 1990 National Security Archive Analysis and Publications Click on the
document icon next to each description to view the document. Documentation of
Official U.S. Knowledge of Drug Trafficking and the Contras The National
Security Archive obtained the hand-written notebooks of Oliver North, the
National Security Council aide who helped run the contra war and other Reagan
administration covert operations, through a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit
filed in 1989. The notebooks, as well as declassified memos sent to North,
record that North was repeatedly informed of contra ties to drug trafficking. In
his entry for August 9, 1985, North summarizes a meeting with Robert Owen
("Rob"), his liaison with the contras. They discuss a plane used by
Mario Calero, brother of Adolfo Calero, head of the FDN, to transport supplies
from New Orleans to contras in Honduras. North writes: "Honduran DC-6 which
is being used for runs out of New Orleans is probably being used for drug runs
into U.S." As Lorraine Adams reported in the October 22, 1994 Washington
Post, there are no records that corroborate North's later assertion that he
passed this intelligence on drug trafficking to the U.S. Drug Enforcement
Administration. In a July 12, 1985 entry, North noted a call from retired Air
Force general Richard Secord in which the two discussed a Honduran arms
warehouse from which the contras planned to purchase weapons. (The contras did
eventually buy the arms, using money the Reagan administration secretly raised
from Saudi Arabia.) According to the notebook, Secord told North that "14 M
to finance [the arms in the warehouse] came from drugs." An April 1, 1985
memo from Robert Owen (code-name: "T.C." for "The Courier")
to Oliver North (code-name: "The Hammer") describes contra operations
on the Southern Front. Owen tells North that FDN leader Adolfo Calero
(code-name: "Sparkplug") has picked a new Southern Front commander,
one of the former captains to Eden Pastora who has been paid to defect to the
FDN. Owen reports that the officials in the new Southern Front FDN units include
"people who are questionable because of past indiscretions," such as
José Robelo, who is believed to have "potential involvement with drug
running" and Sebastian Gonzalez, who is "now involved in drug running
out of Panama." On February 10, 1986, Owen ("TC") wrote North
(this time as "BG," for "Blood and Guts") regarding a plane
being used to carry "humanitarian aid" to the contras that was
previously used to transport drugs. The plane belongs to the Miami-based company
Vortex, which is run by Michael Palmer, one of the largest marijuana traffickers
in the United States. Despite Palmer's long history of drug smuggling, which
would soon lead to a Michigan indictment on drug charges, Palmer receives over
$300,000.00 from the Nicaraguan Humanitarian Aid Office (NHAO) -- an office
overseen by Oliver North, Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American
Affairs Elliott Abrams, and CIA officer Alan Fiers -- to ferry supplies to the
contras. State Department contracts from February 1986 detail Palmer's work to
transport material to the contras on behalf of the NHAO. Evidence that NSC Staff
Supported Using Drug Money to Fund the Contras In 1987, the Senate Subcommittee
on Narcotics, Terrorism and International Operations, led by Senator John Kerry,
launched an investigation of allegations arising from reports, more than a
decade ago, of contra-drug links. One of the incidents examined by the
"Kerry Committee" was an effort to divert drug money from a
counternarcotics operation to the contra war. On July 28, 1988, two DEA agents
testified before the House Subcommittee on Crime regarding a sting operation
conducted against the Medellin Cartel. The two agents said that in 1985 Oliver
North had wanted to take $1.5 million in Cartel bribe money that was carried by
a DEA informant and give it to the contras. DEA officials rejected the idea. The
Kerry Committee report concluded that "senior U.S. policy makers were not
immune to the idea that drug money was a perfect solution to the Contras'
funding problems." U.S. Officials and Major Traffickers Manuel Noriega In
June, 1986, the New York Times published articles detailing years of Panamanian
leader Manuel Noriega's collaboration with Colombian drug traffickers. Reporter
Seymour Hersh wrote that Noriega "is extensively involved in illicit money
laundering and drug activities," and that an unnamed White House official
"said the most significant drug running in Panama was being directed by
General Noriega." In August, Noriega, a long-standing U.S. intelligence
asset, sent an emissary to Washington to seek assistance from the Reagan
administration in rehabilitating his drug-stained reputation. Oliver North, who
met with Noriega's representative, described the meeting in an August 23, 1986
e-mail message to Reagan national security advisor John Poindexter. "You
will recall that over the years Manuel Noriega in Panama and I have developed a
fairly good relationship," North writes before explaining Noriega's
proposal. If U.S. officials can "help clean up his image" and lift the
ban on arms sales to the Panamanian Defense Force, Noriega will "'take care
of' the Sandinista leadership for us."