The King tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to investigate Hamlet's madness . .
. Polonius's theory of Hamlet's madness . . . Polonius examines Hamlet . . .
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern examine Hamlet . . . The players arrive . . .
Hamlet's second soliloquy. Enter King and Queen, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern:
The King welcomes "dear Rosencrantz and Guildenstern" (2.2.1), and
immediately gets down to business. They, friends of Hamlet, are supposed to hang
out with him, so that they can find out what's wrong with him. The King says
that he "cannot dream of" what might be wrong with Hamlet, other than
his father's death. Of course, we've already learned that the King killed
Hamlet's father, so we may suspect that what the King really wants to know is
what Hamlet knows or suspects, and what Hamlet might do. The Queen seconds the
King's request by telling them how much Hamlet likes them, and by suggesting
that there might be some money in it for them, or--as she puts it--"such
thanks / As fits a king's remembrance" (2.2.25-26). Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern not only agree to do what they're asked, they suck up. They know,
and say, that the King could simply command, rather than ask, and so they're
glad he asked. Exeunt Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Enter Polonius: As soon as
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern leave to seek out Hamlet, Polonius comes bustling
in with two pieces of news: The ambassadors to Norway have had success, and he
has discovered "the very cause of Hamlet's lunacy" (2.2.49). The King
wants to hear what Polonius has to say about Hamlet, but Polonius insists on
bringing in the ambassadors, and saving the news about Hamlet as "the fruit
[i.e., the dessert] to that great feast." Polonius steps out to fetch the
ambassadors, and the King and Queen are alone for a moment. The King wonders
aloud if Polonius really has found the "source and head" of Hamlet's
"distemper." The Queen replies with a bit of common sense: "I
doubt [suspect] it is no other but the main; / His father's death, and our
o'erhasty marriage" (2.2.56-57). Enter Ambassadors [Voltemand and
Cornelius]: The King and Queen's moment alone is soon over. In comes Polonius,
with Voltemand and Cornelius in tow. Voltemand tells the King that the King of
Norway, who was sick, thought that Fortinbras was raising his army to fight the
Poles, but when he received the letter from the King, he called Fortinbras in,
learned the truth, and gave him a "rebuke." Now Fortinbras has
promised never to direct any hostilities toward Denmark, and to use the army
only to attack Poland. The King of Norway is happy with this, and wants the
King's permission for Fortinbras to pass through Denmark on his way to Poland.
All this may sound fishy, but the King seems satisfied and says he'll think
about it. Later in the play, he has given the requested permission, because
Fortinbras briefly appears, leading his army across the stage toward Poland. The
King thanks Voltemand and Cornelius, and they exit, never to be seen again.
Exeunt Ambassadors [Voltemand and Cornelius]: As soon as the ambassadors are
gone, Polonius, saying he will not expostulate on the obvious, expostulates. And
after he says that "brevity is the soul of wit / And tediousness the limbs
and outward flourishes" 2.2.90-91), he proceeds to be very tedious as he
explains his theory of Hamlet's madness. He makes his case by reading a
love-letter written by Hamlet to Ophelia, and then explaining how he,
"faithful and honorable," got Ophelia to "lock herself" away
from Hamlet. He concludes in his windy way: And he, repulsed--a short tale to
make-- Fell into a sadness, then into a fast, Thence to a watch, thence into a
weakness, Thence to a lightness, and, by this declension, Into the madness
wherein now he raves, And all we mourn for. (2.2.146-151) The King and Queen are
almost persuaded, but still doubtful, and so Polonius boasts that "I will
find / Where truth is hid, though it were hid indeed / Within the centre."
The King asks how his theory may be tested, and Polonius offers to
"loose" Ophelia to Hamlet while he and the King hide behind a curtain
to overhear their conversation. Enter Hamlet. Exeunt King and Queen: The King
agrees to Polonius' plan for spying on Hamlet, but just then Hamlet himself
comes wandering into the room, reading a book. Polonius is eager to examine
Hamlet for himself, and he shoos away the King and Queen, so that he can
"board" Hamlet. He starts right in, saying "Do you know me, my
lord?" as though Hamlet is so far gone that he can't recognize Polonius.
Hamlet replies, "Excellent well; you are a fishmonger" (2.2.174). And
so goes the rest of the encounter, with Polonius asking more dumb questions and
Hamlet replying with insults which Polonius doesn't understand because he thinks
they only show just how crazy the prince is. In the course of the conversation
Hamlet mocks Polonius' attitude towards Ophelia, telling him that
"conception is a blessing: but not as your daughter may conceive"
(2.2.184-185). And Hamlet also mocks Polonius' appearance and lack of
self-knowledge by pretending to read a passage from his book that describes old
men as having wrinkled faces and a "plentiful lack of wit"; of course,
he is really describing Polonius. Polonius sort of gets the idea that something
is going on, but all he can figure out is that "Though this be madness, yet
there is method in't" (2.2.205-206). Exit Polonius. Enter Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern: Baffled, Polonius takes his leave of Hamlet, and just as he does,
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern show up, so that they, too, can take a shot at
finding out what's wrong with Hamlet. Hamlet greets his old friends heartily,
and asks how they're doing, which leads to a good-old-boy off-color joke about
"the secret parts of Fortune." Then Hamlet asks, "What
news?" He means what we mean when we say "What's up?" osencrantz
and Guildenstern don't have a good answer to that question. They didn't come
just to hang out with Hamlet, and they didn't just happen to run into him while
they were doing something else. They came to find out what his problem is, but
they're not supposed to tell him that. So Rosencrantz answers Hamlet's
"What news?" with "None, my lord," which is a little white
lie. Hamlet then invites Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to be on his side. He
asks, "What have you, my good friends, deserved at the hands of Fortune,
that she sends you to prison hither?" (2.2.239-241). But Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern are employed by the King of Denmark, so they can't jump in and
agree that Denmark is a prison. When Hamlet insists that "To me it is a
prison," Rosencrantz takes that as an opportunity to divert the
conversation to an interesting topic: Hamlet's ambition. If Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern could report back to the King that Hamlet's problem is that he
wants to be king, that would be news indeed. Hamlet denies that he is ambitious,
saying, "O God, I could be bounded in a nutshell and count myself a king of
infinite space--were it not that I have bad dreams" (2.2.254-256). However,
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern don't give up easily, and spar a little over the
meaning of ambition, until Hamlet gets tired of the whole thing and suggests
that they go "to th' court." Rosencrantz and Guildenstern say
"We'll wait upon you," as though they have nothing better to do than
just tag around with him. This apparently reminds Hamlet that they never really
answered his question, so he asks it again: "But, in the beaten way of
friendship, what make you at Elsinore?" Rosencrantz replies with a
half-truth: "To visit you, my lord, no other occasion." Hamlet
suddenly inuits the truth and asks "Were you not sent for?" (2.2.274).
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are surprised, and a little sarcastic brow-beating
from Hamlet gets them to confess that they were indeed sent for. The discovery
that his supposed friends are really the king's spies sends Hamlet into a kind
of philosophical orbit. He tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern that he knows that
they were sent for because he has lost all of his "mirth." Not only
that, but to him the earth is nothing but a "sterile promontory"
within "a foul and pestilent congregation of vapors." He goes on, in a
passage that is often quoted as an example of the Renaissance belief in the
dignity of man: What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! how infinite
in faculty! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an
angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of
animals! (2.2.303-307) This kind of idea about man was one of the inspirations
of famous Renaissance artists (think of Michelangelo's statue of David), but
Hamlet's conclusion is a question, "and yet to me what is this quintessence
of dust?" At this point Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are lost, or
distracted, or feeling smug that Hamlet is talking crazy. Whatever, they are
smiling, and Hamlet accuses them of having their minds in the gutter. He says,
"man delights not me: no, nor woman neither, though by your smiling you
seem to say so" (2.2.309-310). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern cover
themselves by saying they were only thinking about how disappointed the
"players" (a company of actors) are going to be when they show up.
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern met them on the road and were told that they were
coming to entertain Hamlet, but Hamlet doesn't seem to be in the mood. The
explanation Rosencrantz and Guildenstern give for their smiling seems rather
lame, but Hamlet is more interested in the players than in his two
"friends." He asks all about them, and finds--in a passage that is
often cut from performances-that these "tragedians of the city" are on
the road because boy actors have become more popular. This information prompts
Hamlet to think about the current situation in Denmark. He reflects that it's
not so strange that the public has suddenly taken a liking to the boy actors,
because now people buy pictures of Claudius, despite the fact that before he was
king, they made faces at him behind his back. But then again, it is too strange,
because "there is something in this more than natural, if philosophy could
find it out" (2.2.367-368). A flourish trumpets for the players. Enter
Polonius: As Hamlet is meditating on the strange shifts of popular opinion, we
hear the sound of the players' trumpets. Now Hamlet decides that it's time to
let Rosencrantz and Guildenstern know that he understands them better than they
understand him. He tells them they are welcome to Elsinore, and shakes hands
with them, then adds a kind of back-handed insult by saying that he is welcoming
them because he's going to welcome the players more warmly than he has them, and
he doesn't want them to feel too bad. Then he throws in the information that his
"uncle-father and aunt-mother are deceived" if they think he mad,
because he is "but mad north-north-west"(2.2.378). Hamlet thus
presents Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with a kind of reverse catch-22, because
if he is only pretending to be mad, why would he say that he is only pretending?
Now Polonius comes bustling in. Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern that
Polonius is a "great baby," and tells them that he can tell, just from
looking at Polonius, that he's come to announce the arrival of the players. Sure
enough that's what Polonius has on his mind, and Hamlet mocks him, although
Polonius doesn't seem to notice until Hamlet suddenly calls him "Jephthah,
judge of Israel" (2.2.404). The story of Jephthah is a cruel tale that can
be found in Judges 11. In short, Jephthah, who has only one daughter, promises
God that if he is given victory in battle he will sacrifice "whatsoever
cometh forth of the doors of my house" when he returns. He does win the
battle. His daughter hears of his victory and comes out to meet him "with
timbrels and with dances." He keeps his promise to God. Hamlet's
implication seems to be that Polonius, like Jephthah, has one daughter whom he
claims to love "passing well," and that Polonius, again like Jephthah,
sacrificies her for his own advantage. Enter Players: All of these implications
probably pass right over Polonius' head, and besides, Hamlet is interrupted by
the entrance of the players, whom he greets gladly. He knows these players well,
and jokes about how one has a new beard, and how another has grown. Then Hamlet
asks for a "passionate speech." In fact, he has one in mind,
"Aeneas' tale to Dido, . . . especially when he speaks of Priam's
slaughter," and recites the first thirteen lines. Then the First Player
takes over, telling a story that we could expect Hamlet to be interested in,
since it climaxes in a description of a woman grieving for her husband. Hecuba,
the dead man's wife, made a "clamor" that would have made the very
stars weep, "would have made milch [milk] the burning eyes of heaven"
(2.2.517). By this time the player is himself weeping, and Polonius says "Prithee,
no more." Hamlet agrees to let the rest of the speech wait until later, and
he asks Polonius to see to it that the players are "well bestow'd."
Polonius apparently thinks it's beneath him to be real nice to a bunch of
traveling players, and answers that he will "use them according to their
desert." Hamlet gives him a tongue lashing, saying "God's bodykins,
man, much better: use every man after his desert, and who should 'scape
whipping?" (2.2.529-530). Polonius has nothing to say to that, and tells
the players to follow him. As everyone is leaving Hamlet announces that
"we'll hear a play tomorrow," and then detains First Player to make
the arrangements. Hamlet wants a particular play, The Murder of Gonzago, and he
asks the player to memorize an extra speech which Hamlet would write and put
into the play. Later, we find that this particular play interests Hamlet because
it tells of a king who was, like King Hamlet, poisoned in his garden by his
wife's lover. First Player says that it will be no problem to put Hamlet's
speech into the play, but we never hear of it again. Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern are still hanging around, but Hamlet coldly dismisses them, and he
is alone with his thoughts. Exit all but Hamlet: Hamlet's second soliloquy
begins, "O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I!" (2.2.550). Hamlet is
disgusted with himself because First Player could weep for Hecuba, but Hamlet
"can say nothing; no, not for a king, / Upon whose property and most dear
life / A damn'd defeat was made" (2.2.569-571). Remember that Laertes has
gone to France and Polonius has sent Reynaldo after to spy on him, so some time
has passed since Hamlet has promised the Ghost that he would "sweep"
to revenge. Yet Hamlet is not blaming himself because he hasn't killed Claudius,
but because he hasn't said anything. Half-mockingly, he says that if the player
had the same "motive and cue for passion" he would "drown the
stage with tears." And then he turns the mockery back upon himself, saying
that he is a "dull . . . rascal." The Ghost told him that if he didn't
take revenge he would be "duller than the fat weed / That roots itself on
Lethe wharf." So Hamlet seems to be accusing himself of not having the
player's passion, of not hating Claudius strongly enough, of not loving his
father strongly enough. Next, Hamlet asks, "Am I a coward?" But it's
not a really a question. He's trying to work himself into a state of passion. He
imagines someone insulting him in the most outrageous way, pulling his nose,
calling him a liar, and says that he should "take it" because if he
weren't "pigeon-liver'd" he would have killed Claudius, gutted him,
and fed the guts to the hawks. He flies into a rage at the very thought of
Claudius, calling him "bloody, bawdy villain! / Remorseless, treacherous,
lecherous, kindless villain!" (2.2.580-581). As the words come rushing out,
Hamlet hears himself, and is even more disgusted. Instead of doing anything, he
"Must unpack my heart with words, / And fall a-cursing like a very drab [a
whore], / A stallion [a male whore]." Now he is cursing because he doing
nothing but cursing, and he realizes it, saying "About, my brains!"
"About" is an order, as you might give to a horse, when you want him
to turn around. Hamlet is telling himself to stop, take a breath, and try to
take a new look at the situation. He has heard that guilty people at a play have
been "struck so to the soul" that they have betrayed their guilt.
That's what he will try on Claudius. He'll keep a careful watch on Claudius
during The Murder of Gonzago. Perhaps he suspects himself of just finding
another reason to not do anything, because he justifies himself by reasoning
that "The spirit that I have seen / May be the devil" (2.2.598-599),
and may be misleading him to damn him. He would be damned if he killed an
innocent man, but this is the first time that he has shown any doubt that the
Ghost is anything but his father's spirit, or any doubt that Claudius is guilty
of murder. Nevertheless, he declares that "the play's the thing / Wherein
I'll catch the conscience of the king."