The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Brecht uses epic theatre to bring forth an idea or
meaning for the audience to consider while entertaining the audience. Epic
theatre involves the use of alienation techniques to distance the viewer from
the story but still concentrate on the overall meaning. The person who just
views the story would likely take it as fantasy and not reach the true depth of
the play. Brecht shocks the viewer by making the events and actions in the play
"strange and abstract" this contrasts with dramatic plays where the
audience sympathises and relates to the characters of the play. The theme
throughout the play is natural justice versus class justice. The title has links
to other parables and stories before it. The Chalk Circle, a Chinese play
involved a legal action where the false claimant was granted custody due a bribe
to claim her dead husbands estate. This however was overturned by the emperor,
the guarantor of the law, in a retrial as the emperor was the father. This
particular story is a whisper to the result of Grusha's trial. The emperor is
portrayed as the epitome of justice and gives a true verdict. The trial scene is
also adapted from the parable of King Solomon. Solomon the paragon of justice
and truth oversees the trial of two mothers, one child is dead the other alive,
they seek custody of the alive child. The king asks the child to be cut in half,
the real mother relinquishes her claim and thus gains custody of her rightful
child. In these two whispers the law is shown to be equated with justice,
however Brecht seeks to highlight that within Grusinia this is not the case and
it takes a greedy Azdak who despises the upper classes to give a just verdict.
The class justice presented in the novel has close links to the Marxist view of
the law, with the law serving all, but in reality it protects and secures the
interests of the ruling classes. The play seeks to emphasise that within this
class justice the poor can only gain justice under exceptional circumstances.
Azdak as the judge and arbiter of justice has come to this position only through
a matter of chances and mistakes. Firstly he harbours the Grand Duke from Shauva,
then he confesses to the Ironshirts only to be made judge because the Duke
escaped. Then through shear chance just before his execution the Duke redeems
him and makes him judge, finally making him the arbiter of justice between
Natasha Abashvilli and Grusha. This shows that the poor class can only get
justice under a system of whims and extraordinary circumstances and that justice
is intrinsically linked to a series of chances and not linked to the law as it
should be in a feudal regime. Azdak finally decides in Grusha's favour on the
spur of the moment, the chalk circle is a real test, and it is through this test
that Azdak decides the child's fate. In order to entertain the audience, Brecht
sought to keep the verdict in flux, keeping the audience in suspense as to the
final outcome. Azdak although seen as the arbiter of justice between Natasha
Abashvilli and Grusha is shown throughout the play as greedy and corrupt when
dealing with the upper classes. The humour that Azdak displays toward the upper
class is entertaining, he constantly refers to them as "arse-holes.. sows..
well-born stinkers." This anal imagery is continued right through the
novel. Azdak is so disgusted by the odours the upper classes emit that he
occasionally "before passing judgement, I went out and sniffed the
roses." This helps Azdak give the verdicts he gives to the "monied
classes" such as the Invalid, and the landowner. He swindles them into
giving him money for a bribe then turns about and gives a contradicting verdict
against the upper classes. This duplicity when passing judgement is seen by the
audience but the lower classes see that for once the law is on their side. This
is the final hint that Grusha will get the child, as she is good for the child
and will continue to do good for the child, contrasting to Natasha Abashvilla's
intent to get the child only to keep her late husband's estate. The singer sums
up the meaning of the entire play, linking the prologue with the stories of
Azdak and Grusha. "That what there is shall belong to those who are good
for it, thus the children to the maternal, that they thrive; the carriages to
good drivers, that they are driven well; and the valley to the waterers, that it
shall bear fruit." Brecht in the play seeks to highlight the difference
between justice and the law within Grusinia. The feudal society, or Marxist
society, is shown to have harder implications for the poor than the even
distribution of wealth which is the main emphasis of the Marxist state. The
Marxist law is not equated with justice for all rather justice for the upper
classes, or class justice, where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.