Free Research Papers on Philosophy
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Absolutism and relativism are two extreme ethical approaches to reality. While
they are both valid and supported by facts, they are very contrasting in their
views. Values are what a person cares about and thinks is worthwhile. For
example, values can include life, love, religious faith, freedom, relationships,
health, justice, education, family and many other things. Usually these values
are wha... Full-text essay
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Advertising promotes more than mere products in our popular culture. Because
images used in advertising are often idealized, they eventually set the standard
which we in turn feel we must live up to. Advertisements serve to show us what
the ideal image is, and further tell us how to obtain it. Advertisers
essentially have the power to promote positive images or negative images.
Unfortunately, mos... Full-text essay
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Herman Belz’s stance on the issue of affirmative action suggests that he is
against selective employment. He discusses both sides of the issue, therefore
making his argument fairer. He backs up his thoughts by talking with various
professionals in the industry of affirmative action. He begins by talking about
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and how it pretty much preached indifference
throughout the... Full-text essay
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When it comes to the issue of whether or not it is ok for someone the knowingly
aid someone in breaking an agreement I feel it depends on the risks at stake for
people not knowing what the person has to say. For example, if I had an
agreement with a co-worker to not tell anyone that I had cancer I would be very
angry if someone coerced that person into telling everyone. But on the other
hand if I... Full-text essay
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Aikido is a Japanese martial art currently practiced throughout the world.
Behind the powerful catapulting throws and immobilizing locks and pins of Aikido
lie some very simple principles: remove yourself from the direct line of your
enemy’s attack, and through the absorption and deflection of the force of the
attack, your enemy is taken out of balance and defeated by the energy of his or
her own... Full-text essay
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Allegory Of Cave And Myth Of Sisyphus
Philosophy coursework, term papers on Philosophy, Philosophy essays
Philosophy coursework, term papers on Philosophy, Philosophy essays
The Allegory of the Cave,” written by Plato, is a parable entailing that
humans are afraid of change and what they do not know. In this situation he
gives, men are living in an underground cave. There is only one entrance and it
is at the top. Near the entrance of the cave there is a fire burning which casts
a shadow. The men living in the cave have been there their whole life. They are
chained s... Full-text essay
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The Allegory of the Cave, like most things in philosophy, can be deciphered in
many different ways. It basically says that people are chained to the wall of a
cave and they have nothing to look at but shadows on the wall that are provided
by another. This is all that they know and have never been out of the cave. That
tells nothing on the surface, but once one looks really hard a few messages or
... Full-text essay
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The world is in turmoil. Wars are fought solely for economic gain, children are
shooting their fellow classmates, people are starving, and people are dying. But
why is this happening? Why do these things have to happen? Well, they don’t
have to happen. This is all a result of corrupt governments caring for nothing
but money. These governments are sending their own citizens to war, and they do
not... Full-text essay
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About 530 AD the Neoplatonist Simplicius wrote an extensive commentary on
Aristotle's Physics. In it he reproduced the Anaximander fragment, thus
preserving it for the western world. He copied it from Theophrastus. From the
time Anaximander pronounced his saying--we do not know where or when or to
whom--to the moment Simplicius jotted it down in his commentary more than a
millennium elapsed. Betw... Full-text essay
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With his discoveries, Anaxamander of Miletus attempted to bring the realm of the
unreal to the world where common man could conceive it. As successor and pupil
of Thales of Miletus, Anaxamander worked on the fields of geometry, natural
science, and astrology. The culmination of his life attempted to define the
indefinite or undetermined. He was the first to discover and apply the theory of
the un... Full-text essay
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Medicines, household products, food, and basically everything involved in the
life of an average person has to under go a form of testing before it is legal
to be placed on a shelf and if available to the public. The same tests are
performed on every medical procedure that is introduced to surgeons. Since the
only way to directly mimic the human body is to use it itself, scientists were
forced to... Full-text essay
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Considering the furor raised about using animals for testing, are there
alternatives to using such testing? What are the main tests that use animals and
alternatives that would achieve similar results? There is a lot of controversy
about using animals to test cosmetics. Animal rights organizations feel that it
is unnecessary and uncalled for. The Food and Drug Administration have no law
that cosm... Full-text essay
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1. There is an enormous different between the life of humans and other animals.
First of all, humans are clearly at the top of significance for the simple
reason that they are at the top of food chain. This is what allows people to
dictate society. Combine this with the fact that humans have the ability to
reason, and it is clear that people have more of a significance. It is as simple
as this, n... Full-text essay
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Although born in Alpine Italy and educated in Normandy, Anselm became a
Benedictine monk, teacher, and abbot at Bec and continued his ecclesiastical
career in England. Having been appointed the second Norman archbishop of
Canterbury in 1093, Anselm secured the Westminster Agreement of 1107,
guaranteeing the (partial) independence of the church from the civil state. In a
series of short works such... Full-text essay
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Anselm concludes that one requires two wills to be free by arguing that to be
free is to have an ability. In this paper I will argue that Anselm believes that
this ability is incompatible with an Aristotelian doctrine of the will and that
to have this ability, we must have at least two wills. Only in such a model is
one free. Then I will argue that the agent who abandons justice differs from the
... Full-text essay
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In the beginning of Scholasticism, one of the biggest problems is the place of
dialectic, because it was often inconsistent with theology. Anselm made a
moderate point between dialectic, philosophy and theology; “We believe in
order to understand rather than understand so that we may believe”. From that
point of view, He proved the existence of the God. In the “Proslogium”,
Anselm began his diale... Full-text essay
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Some individuals in literature try to do what they believe is right, even though
they face oppositions. In the play "Antigone", by Sophocles, and
"A Few Good Men", by Rob Reiner, Both Colonel Jessep and King Creon
are two such inividuals. In both of these plays, they are both successful in
doing what they believe is right, but they both face oppositions. In the play
"Anti... Full-text essay
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The love as discussed by the characters in the Symposium is homosexual love.
Some assumed that homosexuality alone is capable of satisfying “a man’s
highest and noblest aspirations”. Whereas heterosexual love is placed at an
inferior level, being described as only existing for carnal reasons; its
ultimate purpose being procreation. There are differing views in these
dialogues, Aristophanes contra... Full-text essay
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Achieving excellence in terms of Aristotle's "Nichomachean Ethics"
Before actually focusing on the main details of Aristotle's Argument, we must
pay careful attention to the opening remarks he makes in Book I about the nature
of his inquiry. The first important point that he stresses is that the study of
the character of human beings is dependent on what a human being is. Aristotle
stat... Full-text essay
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Aristotle argues that happiness, function and morality are closely connected and
that virtue is dependent upon all of them. To fully comprehend Aristotle’s
theory, we must first examine each of these qualities and then determine how
they are related to one another. The deliberation process will show that all of
these qualities can be strongly connected, but not exclusively. Happiness,
function, m... Full-text essay
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Aristotle was born in 384 BC and lived until 322 BC. He was a Greek
philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato being considered the most
famous of ancient philosophers. He was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of
a physician to the royal court. When he was 17, he went to Athens to study at
Plato's Academy. He stayed for about 20 years, as a student and then as a
teacher. When Plato die... Full-text essay
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An ethical issue that is debated in our society is the concern of driving while
intoxicated. Although this was naturally not the case during Aristotle’s time,
many of his ethical beliefs can be applied to refute this dilemma. I will prove
the standing issue to be unethical through Aristotle’s discussion of virtue
and his concept of voluntary/involuntary actions in the Nicomachean Ethics.
Aristotl... Full-text essay
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Aristotle was one of the most influential thinkers in western culture, and a
Greek philosopher, teacher, and scientist. He was probably the most scholarly
and learned of the ancient Greek Philosophers. Aristotle mastered the entire
development of Greek though before him and employed this knowledge in his
writings. He criticized, summarized, and furthered the development of the Greek
philosophies.... Full-text essay
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Aristotle was born in 384 BC.; with him came the birth of Western realism. He
was a student of Plato and a tutor to Alexander the Great (Founders, 1991). It
is difficult to discuss the philosophies of Aristotle without bringing up those
of his former tutor, Plato. Aristotle's philosophies diverted from Plato's, and
led to Aristotle forming his own school, the Lyceum. After tutoring Alexander
the ... Full-text essay
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Aristotle was born in 384 BC and lived until 322 BC. He was a Greek philosopher
and scientist, who shares with Plato being considered the most famous of ancient
philosophers. He was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to
the royal court. When he was 17, he went to Athens to study at Plato's Academy.
He stayed for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher. When Plato
die... Full-text essay
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Aristotle On Animal Experimentation
Philosophy coursework, term papers on Philosophy, Philosophy essays
Philosophy coursework, term papers on Philosophy, Philosophy essays
Aristotle would indeed not approve of experiments performed on animals. He seems
to put much emphasis throughout his writings on the similarity of the animal and
humans. He also puts much emphasis on the fact that animals and plants are very
different. The only thing animals lack, according to Aristotle, that
differentiate them from humans is a mind. He says that nutrition is shared by
all natura... Full-text essay
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1) Explain fully Aristotle’s approach to Ethics. What is the goal of the
ethical life? What type of soul is capable of realizing the good life? How do we
go about accomplishing this goal? What are the possible lifestyle choices we may
lead? Are any of these conducive to leading the good life? The goal of the
ethical life, according to Aristotle, is good. All human activity is directed
toward this... Full-text essay
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Aristotle refutes Plato's Theory of Ideas on three basic grounds: that
the existence of Ideas contradicts itself by denying the possibility of
negations; that his illustrations of Ideas are merely empty metaphors; and that
they theory uses impermanent abstractions to create examples of perception.
Though the theory is meant to establish concrete standards for the knowledge of
reality, Aristotle c... Full-text essay
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Aristotle refutes Plato's Theory of Ideas on three basic grounds: that the
existence of Ideas contradicts itself by denying the possibility of negations;
that his illustrations of Ideas are merely empty metaphors; and that they theory
uses impermanent abstractions to create examples of perception. Though the
theory is meant to establish concrete standards for the knowledge of reality,
Aristotle c... Full-text essay
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Defining a Tragedy Greek philosopher Aristotle proposes components of an ideal
tragedy in his work, Tragedy and the Emotions of Pity and Fear. According to
Aristotle, there are six components of a great tragedy: plot, character,
thought, verbal expression, song, and visual adornment. He dissects these
components in great detail and provides standards for all of them. In his play
Bacchae, Euripide... Full-text essay
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According to Aristotle, virtue primarily involves rationality and the use of a
person's rationality. Rationality and happiness are activities of the soul, and
virtue is the excellence of these activities. Humans are the only life forms
that have a soul, the source of rationality. Thus, humans have a duty to always
use their intellect. Three things are found in the soul: emotions, capacities,
and ... Full-text essay
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Ronald Takaki vocalizes in his article that “The Harmful Myth of Asian
Superiority”is not to assume that all Asian Americans are indeed successful,
so it’s incorrect to generalize any particular race as superior over another.
I believe this is true in the US today Asians in public schools are made to be
great students. This mentality fails when we realize that not all students are
the same. Takak... Full-text essay
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Assisted suicide (or Euthanasia) is a topic undergoing serious debate. There
exist two obvious and definite opinions regarding this controversy. The
anti-euthanasia faction consist of: Conservative religious groups. They
are often the same organizations that oppose access to abortion.
Medical associations whose members are dedicated to saving and extending life,
and feel uncomfo... Full-text essay
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1. The most obvious unscientific theory that I can think of today, would be
religion. Religion is possibly one of the biggest influences in our lives, and
there is no scientific way to even prove that it exists. I asked a few friends
of mine, who are religious, why they believe in a God. The first that I asked
hemmed and hawed and when I finally had to threaten him to spit out an answer,
he said,... Full-text essay
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Mrs. Mooney's Deceitful Act The Boarding House, written by James Joyce, takes
place in a small neighborhood located in Dublin, Ireland during the early
1900's. There were three main characters involved in this story-Mrs. Mooney
known as The Madam, who was in charge of the boarding house, Polly who is the
daughter of Mrs. Mooney, and Mr. Doran who was a resident of the house. James
Joyce's, "... Full-text essay
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Throughout history there have been many attempts to explain the origin and
workings of our universe. Most every culture has their own cosmogony. Nearly
every individual has his or her own idea of what our universe is. During our
modern era of advanced scientific knowledge, we feel that we have a good grasp
on how the universe works. We have our Chemistry and Physics, along with
Mathematics, to ex... Full-text essay
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Throughout history people have wondered about the universe in which we live in
and looked for a purpose of our existence. Many Western philosophers believed
that an individual is a separate entity from every other individual and nature.
In the Buddhist belief however, there is no separation between you and any other
person or animal. The goal of living and dying is to eventually see the world as
... Full-text essay
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The death penalty is utilized as an optimistic view to alleviate much of what is
morally, and criminally wrong with our society. Yet in reality, capital
punishment does nothing to improve America’s justice system by allegedly
acting as a deterrent to the criminals. Nevertheless, Americans continue to
execute adults and children on dubious principles. The execution of children is
particularly outr... Full-text essay
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Capital Punishment deters murder, and is just Retribution Capital punishment, is
the execution of criminals by the state, for committing crimes, regarded so
heinous, that this is the only acceptable punishment. Capital punishment does
not only lower the murder rate, but it's value as retribution alone is a good
reason for handing out death sentences. Support for the death penalty in the
U.S. has ... Full-text essay
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The principle of private happiness states that an individual’s
prosperity is weighed in proportion to that person’s good conduct. In short,
one’s peace of mind is empirically measured by how virtuous one is towards
others and to himself. Kant’s objection to ethical theories that use this idea
emanates from the fact that it extends human reason, one that determines good
will and good conduct, outw... Full-text essay
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In my readings of the two chapters from the book, Body and Mind, written by
Keith Campbell, I explored my mind to Central-State Materialism and
Functionalism. Both these states have differences and similarities between them.
Starting off with Central-State Materialism; then, I reflected my readings, and
then viewed Functionalism and stated my readings. The main point of this paper
is to give a fe... Full-text essay
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Cesare Beccaria is one of the most famous criminal justice theorists of all
time. He lived from 1738 to 1794. He was the eldest son of an Aristocratic
Family and was educated in a Jesuit school. His fascination with philosophy lead
to him a bunch of friends who soon formed a group called “the academy of
fists.” This group focused their attention on reforming the criminal justice
system. This grou... Full-text essay
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Chivalry began in the 12th century in the form of a knightly code of conduct,
with special emphasis on courtly manners toward women. Thirteenth century
stories that showed the ways a warrior should behave in romance became popular .
Churchmen liked the idea of high standards and made the knighting ceremony a
religious occasion with a church vigil and purifying bath. Books on the subject
soon bega... Full-text essay
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Chivalry is usually known as a moral system or an honor code. It originated in
the 12th century when kings ruled the country, as a code to make peace. Now
there is no king or queen monarchy, now there’s that wonderful thing that we
call the Government. If you were to ask me if chivalry existed today I’d have
to say that there are some examples, but there sure aren’t as many as there
used to be. B... Full-text essay
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Philosophers, historians, authors, and politicians have spent centuries
pondering the relationship between citizens and their government. It is a
question that has as many considerations as there are forms of government and it
is rarely answered satisfactorily. A relatively modern theorist, author Henry
Thoreau, introduced an idea of man as an individual, rather than a subject, by
thoroughly desc... Full-text essay
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By acting civil but disobedient you are able to protest things you don’t think
are fair, non-violently. Henry David Thoreau is one of the most important
literary figures of the nineteenth century. Thoreau’s essay “Civil
Disobedience,” which was written as a speech, has been used by many great
thinkers such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Ghandi as a map to fight
against injustice. Dr. Marti... Full-text essay
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Shortly after the announcement that British scientists had successfully cloned a
sheep, Dolly, cloning humans has recently become a possibility that seems much
more feasible in today's society. The word clone has been applied to cells as
well as to organisms, so that a group of cells stemming from a single cell is
also called a clone. Usually the members of a clone are identical in their
inherite... Full-text essay
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The legal aspects of Human Cloning are quite simple and straight forward, and I
will outline them for you in the next few minutes and explain to you what they
mean. It is quite evident though, that you will not be able to understand these
laws if you don’t know what human cloning technically means! So let me begin
by defining for you what our government defines as “human cloning”. Human
cloning, ... Full-text essay
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Banning on human and organ cloning is posing a problem on those educated ones in
academia. Researcher and scientist Dr. Ian Wilmut has successfully cloned a
sheep, and has gathered from this experiment evidence that strongly proves that
human and organ cloning could be performed – safely and effectively.
Unfortunately, our government has almost immediately banned such cloning in this
country. Did... Full-text essay
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The rapid development of the technology for cloning has led to moral debates
around the world on whether or not to ban creating human clones. With the
advancement of clone technology two states, California and Michigan have already
banned the cloning of humans. "Everybody who thought it would proceed
slowly and could be stopped was wrong, said Lee Silver, a professor from the
University of P... Full-text essay
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