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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) had an interesting ethical system for reasoning. It is
based on a belief that the reason is the final authority for morality. In
Kant’s eyes reason is directly correlated with morals and ideals. Actions of
any sort, he believed, must be undertaken from a sense of duty dictated by
reason, and no action performed for appropriateness or solely in obedience to
law or custom ... Full-text essay
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Kant starts off making two distinctions regarding kinds of knowledge,
empirical/rational and formal/material. Empirical or experience-based knowledge
is contrasted with rational knowledge, which is independent of experience. This
distinction between empirical and rational knowledge rests on a difference in
sources of evidence used to support the two different kinds of knowledge. Formal
is contras... Full-text essay
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Karl Marx wrote many works throughout his time, but one of the works of his
youth was called On Man and History. This work by Marx was written when he was a
youth and was influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the works of Hegel
philosophy. There are two sections in this document one is the Alienated Man and
the other is History. The first section by Marx talks about how man is alienated
by ... Full-text essay
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“Thomson’s view on the recent age of the world have been for some time one
of my sorest troubles, (pg. 107)” This quote is used to collaborate the
author’s idea that Darwin was deeply opposed to Kelvin’s calculations about
the ago of the earth. The author further backs up this idea by using another
quote in which Darwin calls Kelvin an “odious spectre, (pg. 107).” It is
then stated that Darwin di... Full-text essay
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When discussing the concept of knowledge it must be made clear what type of
knowledge is being discussed. Three types of knowledge are proposed in
philosophy; object knowledge, know-how knowledge, and propositional knowledge.
Object knowledge involves a person, place, or thing. For example saying that I
know my friend Antony is object knowledge, implying that I have had personal
contact with him ... Full-text essay
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Over history, the human race has striven for truth and understanding logic. When
trying to understand this, a person approaches the philosophical question,
“What can I know?” With this philosophical question comes the epic battle
between whether or not a person should base an opinion on empicism or
rationalism. I believe that I need to be shown facts and logic to understand
something, however I a... Full-text essay
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The murder of the Arab is clearly the central event of the novel. Camus placed
it in fact right in the middle of the book. It is the last incident recounted in
part 1, so its importance is underscored by a structural break in the story. It
is related in one of the longer chapters, which records in fine detail the
events of the day, even when their relevance is not obvious - for example,
several p... Full-text essay
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"Linguistic ability affects man in his specifically animal
operations." Discuss with reference to any one of the senses. In the
following assignment, we intend discussing the way our linguistic abilities
affect man's specifically animal operations. We would like to start by pointing
out the advantages this ability gives us, and how it distinguishes the human
being from the animal. Moreo... Full-text essay
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The Last of the Just, Andre Schwarz-Bart's compelling novel, chronicles the pain
and suffering of the Levy family over eight centuries. Each new generation
includes a Lamed Vavnik, or Just Man, who must bear all of the suffering of the
world in his heart. The Just Men exemplify for their co-religionists the ideal
of patient submission to the constant harassment of a world in turmoil. How is
the d... Full-text essay
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In Laura Purdy’s essay “Are Pregnant Women Fetal Containers?” the issue
that is dealt with is the relationship between pregnant women and their unborn
fetus. She feels that the woman’s rights to her body should outweigh the
rights of the fetus. She argues that pregnant woman are treated like
second-class citizens in our society and that medical decisions are placed upon
them that are not necessar... Full-text essay
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The idea of consent is a key element in the works of John Locke and Jean-Jacques
Rousseau. In the “Second Treatise of Government,” Locke puts forth his
conception of the ideal form of government based on a social contract. As Locke
develops his theory of consent, he also incorporates theories of political
obligation on the part of all citizens of his state as well as his theory of
revolution and ... Full-text essay
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Although their ideologies sometimes clashed, and they came from two distinctly
different epochs in the course of political development, John Locke and
Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s fundamental arguments address several similar points.
These five main themes which significantly overlap and thus cannot be addressed
separately, are the state of nature, the basis for the development of
government, the prim... Full-text essay
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Enlightenment began with an unparalleled confidence in human reason. The new
science's success in making clear the natural world through Locke, Berkeley, and
Hume affected the efforts of philosophy in two ways. The first is by locating
the basis of human knowledge in the human mind and its encounter with the
physical world. Second is by directing philosophy's attention to an analysis of
the mind ... Full-text essay
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The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, and The Second
Treatise on Civil Government by John Locke, are two similar works. Locke’s
work seems to have had an influence on Jefferson when he wrote the Declaration
of Independence. Both works were written on government, what it should and
should not be. Locke brings the view that the state exists to preserve the
natural rights of ... Full-text essay
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Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" and Flannery O'Connnors "A Good
Man Is Hard To Find" are stories that deal with mans inhumanity to man by
illastrating different situation, but lead to the same conclusion and with no
thought of the consequences. Jackson and O'Connor use central characters to show
how man has the power to distort reality into something the people accept into
eve... Full-text essay
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Is lying morally wrong? If you ask most people if they lie, the answer is
answered quickly as “No” but is that a lie in itself. We like to think of
ourselves as honest, righteous people, therefore, we lie to ourselves about
lying. Well, the truth is “we all lie”, maybe not maliciously, but in some
cases it is necessary to lie. Our parents lied to us as we were growing up, the
lies we tell our chi... Full-text essay
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The Three witches in the tragedy Macbeth are introduced right at the beginning
of the play. They tell Macbeth three prophesies, he will be Thane of Cawdor,
Thane of Glams and King. These prophesies introduce him to ideas of greatness.
Macbeth will eventually follow through on killing king Duncan. This brings into
the play, idea of fate and the role with which it has in the play. The witches
could... Full-text essay
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Machiavelli and the President Lately, the president of the United States Bill
Clinton, has pursued some policies that have been very unpopular not only with
the general public but the electorate as well. Besides the whole Monica ordeal
he feels that these unpopular policies will effect the results of the next
election. The presidential advisors have formulated countless plans but no plan
has seem... Full-text essay
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When you speak of Fidel Castro, what do you speak of? The Cuban Leader is not
your everyday leader. To fully understand Fidel Castro you must have a firm
foundation with which to work from. I will explore the political ideology of
Fidel Castro by explaining what is in an ideology, Fidel Castro’s background,
and his political position both before the Cuban revolution and presently. An
ideology is ... Full-text essay
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John Locke and Niccolу Machiavelli are political philosophers writing in
two different lands and two different times. Locke’s 17th century England was
on the verge of civil war and Machiavelli’s 15th century Italy was on the
verge of invasion. Yet, students and political philosophers still
enthusiastically read and debate their works today. What is it that draws
readers to these works? Why,... Full-text essay
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Magic Realism appeared as a critical term for the arts and it later extended to
literature. The term was first used by the German critic Franz Roh in 1925 to
characterize a group of Post-Expressionist painters. Franz Roh described it as a
form in which “our real world re-emerges before our eyes, bathed in the
clarity of a new day.” It was later replaced by “New Objectivity.” Magic
Realism survive... Full-text essay
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The
United Nations projects that the global population, currently at 6 billion, will
peak at about 10 billion in the next century and then stabilize or even decline.
A question immediately following the statement, can the Earth feed that many
people? It is understood that even if food crops increase sufficiently, other
renewable resources, including many fisheries and forests, are already under
p... Full-text essay
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Man Who Mistook His Wife For Hat
Philosophy coursework, term papers on Philosophy, Philosophy essays
Philosophy coursework, term papers on Philosophy, Philosophy essays
Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come
joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs despondency, and
lamentations. And by this, in an especial manner, we acquire wisdom and
knowledge, and see and hear and know what are foul and what are fair, what are
bad and what are good, what are sweet and what are unsavory......And by the same
organ we become mad and delirious... Full-text essay
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Martin Luther King and Malcolm X two men vying for the same outcome but each at
opposite sides of the spectrum. King was raised in a comfortable middle-class
family where education was stressed. On the other hand, Malcolm X came from an
underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and
rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination. Martin Luther King
w... Full-text essay
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Modern Marx’s theoretical work is the understanding of the nature of human
beings and how they have constructed their historical world. Marx is considered
a modernist because his views and theories fit the meaning of Modernity, which
are human freedom and the right to free choice. To Marx, Capitalism is a barrier
to the notion of human freedom and choice. Five aspects of his political theory
whic... Full-text essay
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Human relationships have always been dynamic. Change and adaptability have gone
hand in hand with the passage of time for human society. Systems have been
developed to regulate, direct and control the resources of this society. The
systems are referred to as governments and the resources as the populace or
inhabitants and forces of production. A government must be dynamic in its nature
reflecting... Full-text essay
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“Capital is not personal, but social power and product.” (Karl Marx) Karl
Marx, perhaps one of the most influential philosophers in history, is widely
remembered for the revolutionizing ideologies he presented in the Communist
Manifesto. Marx was certainly a man of great intelligence and vision. His many
visions about capitalistic development are constantly reflected in today’s
society. Job alien... Full-text essay
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Mass communications is one of the most popular college majors in the country,
which perhaps reflects a belief in the importance of communications systems in
society. The communications system, consisting of radio, television, film,
newspapers and magazines, effects how we think, how we feel, and how we live.
Therefore, we must ask ourselves, "Is media 'mere entertainment,' or are
there serio... Full-text essay
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"That is because you are seeing for the first time." What is he
seeing? How is he seeing? These questions are often asked when referring to
philosophy. Philosophy is based on questioning and searching for truths. In
Matrix, the search and questions were for the truth about our own existence. We
see that we are here on earth. We feel things and know things, but why? Is it
because we are ... Full-text essay
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In approaching the meaning of life we have to examine the nature of meaning
itself. Meaning is by definition the point, or the intended goal. Consider the
point of humans and the universe as seen from monotheistic religion. If life and
the universe is some sort of toy or form of entertainment for some prime mover,
his point, his own entertainment, would then be the meaning of humans and the
unive... Full-text essay
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Is there a meaning to life? First, to clear up any misunderstandings in the next
few paragraphs you are about to read, I shall explain a few things. I am not
talking about the individual people in our lives, that mean so much to us, or
individual lives. That is a whole other matter. What I mean by the "meaning
of life", is the greater picture. There are people all over the world,
doing ... Full-text essay
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The philosopher Mencius considered himself a follower of Confucius, and this is
exactly what he was. He was Confucius’s greatest disciple. They were both
teachers and tried very hard to influence the rulers of their day, although they
both had very little luck. He was the chief architect of Confucian thought. He
added components and gave others great emphasis. Mencius introduced the large
compone... Full-text essay
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Bringing "metaphysical mind set" into my life has been a tremendously
rewarding experience. It made me realize that most often humans have propensity
for getting by something with the least possible expenditure of thought because
thinking appears to be hard and burdensome to them. However, tackling something
with a minimum of thought is like driving in twilight with no lights on.
Accord... Full-text essay
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John Stuart Mill (1808-73) believed in an ethical theory known as
utilitarianism. There are many formulation of this theory. One such is,
"Everyone should act in such a way to bring the largest possibly balance of
good over evil for everyone involved." However, good is a relative term.
What is good? Utilitarians disagreed on this subject. Mill made a distinction
between happiness and sh... Full-text essay
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When faced with a moral dilemma, utilitarianism identifies the appropriate
considerations, but offers no realistic way to gather the necessary information
to make the required calculations. This lack of information is a problem both in
evaluating the welfare issues and in evaluating the consequentialist issues
which utilitarianism requires be weighed when making moral decisions.
Utilitarianism at... Full-text essay
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"In the beginning God created the heavens and the Earth" (Gen 1:1).
These words, along with the rest in Genesis, and for that matter, the rest of
the bible, seem to give a very definite image of our Christian God as an entity
clearly different from the humans he creates. Although He may walk and talk with
Adam and Eve through the Garden of Eden at the beginning of Genesis, He soon
exits... Full-text essay
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What is real? This question has puzzled many what is really real or what is
reality. Reality as I shall explain is one that is according to materialism and
proven by science. Materialism is defined, as the metaphysical view holding that
matter alone is real. This is what Hugh Elliot proves in his argument Modern
Science and Materialism. By use of his argument I will answer the questions of
what i... Full-text essay
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The following was completed for a Political Thought and Theory Class in my
Senior Year of Highschool..my grade was an 85 Montesquieu: Definition of Law
Into the first three chapters of Book 1, The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu
condensed a lifetime of thinking, not so much on law as what law is, (after all,
the work by Montesquieu is entitled The Spirit of Laws, not The Laws of the
Spirit). The defi... Full-text essay
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Morality depends on the ability of an individual to choose between good and
evil, thus, entailing freedom of the will and the moral responsibility of the
individual for his actions. It is obvious this is so for the individual, but
what about groups and governments? Do they have the ability to choose between
good and evil, do they have free will and therefore are they subject to the same
paradigms... Full-text essay
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The installation of a moral system is vital in every society. Yet, every moral
system must deal with the major conflicting general moral issues:
Consequentialism versus Non-consequentialism; Self versus Other-Interestedness;
Act Utilitarianism versus Rule Utilitarianism; and Emotion versus reason. When
all four areas are combined and examined there are conflicting views that must
be resolved. Fir... Full-text essay
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1. Introduction In this paper I wish to consider the following related
questions: (i) Can a system of morality be justified?; (ii) Why should one act
morally?; (iii) How can others be persuaded to act morally? Clearly none of
these questions is new, and moral philosophers have proposed a variety of
responses to them over the centuries without reaching any general agreement.
Nevertheless, because ... Full-text essay
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Can we, do we, and should we legislate morality is a question that rings in the
ears of many Americans. It seems that there are more factors, conditions and
answers to this frequently asked question than the common person is willing to
consider. Let’s attempt to take the best ideas from the top scholars on the
issue. In order to answer the questions presented, one must fully understand the
idea o... Full-text essay
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Thomas More’s Utopia is one of the defining works of the Renaissance period.
During this era, there was rampant change all over Eastern Europe. The failing
governments were being revamped into more democratic organizations and focus was
placed on the community as opposed to the dictator or monarch. Thus, the concept
of an ideal society in which citizens governed themselves and strove for the
good... Full-text essay
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“What are really the reasons behind why people want children?” Why do people
want children? This question may seem a bit trivial, but when you take into
affect the millions of people that have children each day the question quickly
takes on a new light. This is not just merely a personal question that affects
only a few individuals, it is much larger than that because it affects and
dictates the ... Full-text essay
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When Newton proposed his axioms describing fundamental laws of physics, he
insisted on the necessity of absolute space to a completed theory of mechanics.
Absolute space can be best described as not-relationally-dependent space. Newton
purports that there is something more to space than just being a vessel to
conceptualize positional differences between specific bodies; he claims that
there is so... Full-text essay
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Friedrich Nietzsche, a unique philosopher had some very interesting ideas about
people’s human values and personality types. In this essay I will explain what
I like and dislike about his “Master Morality” & his antithesis to this,
“Slave Morality”. According to Nietzche, all morality is a manifestation of
the will to power. The other is driven by the will to power but attempts to deny
this. ... Full-text essay
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How are the philosophies of Nietzsche and Hobbes different on topics of
Christianity, Human Nature, and Morality. The philosophies of Nietzsche and
Hobbes’ are radically different, Hobbes’ philosophy is dominated by loyalty
to the crown, riddled with references to the Christian scriptures, and a belief
that life is “nasty, brutish, and short”(Leviathan, 133); while
Nietzsche’s philosophy was domi... Full-text essay
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In Regards to Women Physician and prophet Michel de Nostradame lived in the
first part of the sixteenth century. To understand these prophecies one must
first understand the position of women in the sixteenth century. During the
sixteenth century there was very little a woman could do. Men dominated most
aspects of women’s social, political, and religious lives. Women were treated
as if they were... Full-text essay
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According to Nozick there are three sets of rules of justice, defining: 1. how
things not previously possessed by anyone may be acquired; 2. how possession may
be transferred from one person to another; and 3. what must be done to rectify
injustices arising from violations of (1) and (2). A distribution is just if it
has arisen in accordance with these three sets of rules. See pp. 151-2. Nozick
d... Full-text essay
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In Plato’s Five Dialogues and Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, man’s actions for
the greater good of the city-state can lead to horrible consequences for the
individual. Both Socrates and Oedipus carry out what they believe to be their
duty for their city. Socrates believes that his actions are just and proper, but
when viewed by the city-state as a whole his actions are looked at as
counter-productive an... Full-text essay
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