Free Research Papers on Philosophy
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Characters in the play Oedipus the King attempt to block the
horrible outcome of the gods’ oracle. The first people to do so were
Oedipus’ mother and father, Laius and Jocasta. After hearing the unmoral and
disruptive prediction, they attempted to execute their own child. Their belief
in the gods was this strong. Resulting in their actions, Oedipus grew up
thinking that the king and queen of Cori... Full-text essay
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In David Hume's paper "Of Miracles," Hume presents a various number of
arguments concerning why people ought not to believe in any miracles. Hume does
not think that miracles do not exist it is just that we should not believe in
them because they have no rational background. One of his arguments is just by
definition miracles are unbelievable. And have no rational means in believing
mir... Full-text essay
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“The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970’s the world will
undergo famines-hundreds of millions of people are going to starve to death in
spite of any crash programs embarked upon now. At this late date nothing can
prevent a substantial increase in the world death rate, although many lives
could be saved through dramatic programs to “stretch?the carrying capacity of
the earth by in... Full-text essay
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Humans possess a repertoire of unique gifts which enable them to shape the
environment. The most prominent gifts associated with man include adaptation,
which is furthermore broken into sub-categories, the conquering of fire, and the
ability to foresee thoughts of the future. All of these capabilities of man have
had a significant effect on the environment. These main gifts correlated with
man ar... Full-text essay
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We live in a society, which relies on fairy tales and mythology to entertain and
take us off to a far away place where we can identify with our imagination. The
Star Wars trilogy is a classic example of the hero cycle. A young man is brought
up believing the light side of the force is his destiny. It has an old warrior,
which teaches young Luke an ancient craft that has been used for centuries to... Full-text essay
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Throughout its history mankind has wondered about his place in the universe. In
fact, second only to the existence of God, this subject is the most frequent
topic of philosophical analysis. However, these two questions are very similar,
to the point that in some philosophical analyses the questions are synonymous.
In these particular philosophies, God takes the form of the universe itself or,
mor... Full-text essay
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The book, the Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman is an
objective look into the world of two different cultures and their belief
systems. The viewpoints of the Hmong and of the American doctors represent Hmong
culture and the root of Western medicine. The book takes into account how two
cultures, rather, two completely opposite worlds are “collided” and their
impact on each other... Full-text essay
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In this paper I plan to show that Searle is correct in claiming that his Chinese
Room Analogy shows that any Turing machine simulation of human understanding of
a linguistic phenomenon fails to possess any real understanding. First I will
explain the Chinese Room Analogy and how it is compared to a Turing machine. I
will then show that the machine can not literally be said to understand. A
Turing... Full-text essay
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Philosophy of Religion, by David Elton Trueblood is an attempt to fathom not
religion as a whole, but the thought processes that are the basis of modern
religious thought. The book makes no attempt to explain any individual religious
preferences or motifs, only to gauge the reasons for religion in its entirety.
While Trueblood doesn't pass judgment on other religions, his personal beliefs
are app... Full-text essay
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Philosophy is an all-important aspect of our lives. It is philosophy that we
turn to when have the need to seek out a guiding principle for our lives.
Therefore, philosophy holds a prominent place in society and in the world.
Basically, everyone is a philosopher, but it takes the creative genius and
reasoning of brilliant thinkers to bring about world-shattering concepts.
Nevertheless, the common... Full-text essay
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The mission of this hospital is rooted in our emphasis on the
individual, and directed toward providing the highest level of autonomy,
beneficance, comfort, healing, privacy and respect for the dignity of the
patient. With these as our guiding principles, we evaluated Physician Assisted
Suicide (PAS) as a possible treatment option at this institution. We have
concluded that PAS can be a viable tr... Full-text essay
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What is real? What gives life meaning? What happens when we die? These
three questions are very common in today’s society. Everyone has different
beliefs and their answers to these world view questions are different. Greek
Philosopher’s, Aristotle and Plato had very different views and answers to
these questions. What is real? Aristotle believed that for something to be real
it had to have a subs... Full-text essay
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2000 years ago, Plato, one of the forefathers of Western civilization,
materialized the foundational ideas on reflective thinking in the “Allegory of
the Cave”, which stemmed from the “Republic.” In his essay, he
symbolically shows the stages and value of reaching a higher level of thinking.
Being able to reflectively think is so important, it is still being discussed in
our modern times. In the ... Full-text essay
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Plato (428-347 BC) The Greek philosopher Plato was among the most important and
creative thinkers of the ancient world. His work set forth most of the important
problems and concepts of Western philosophy, psychology, logic, and politics,
and his influence has remained profound from ancient to modern times. Plato was
born in Athens in 428 BC. Both his parents were of distinguished Athenian
famili... Full-text essay
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In my opinion, Socrates’ analysis of the human natural is very true as it
ultimately brings us his definition of Justice. I agree with his theory of the
human natural but not his social-political theory. But In order to understand
Plato’s theory of human natural and his social-political theory. However, we
must examine each one of them closely. Plato believed that no one is self –
sufficient enou... Full-text essay
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Plato’s ‘Divided Line’ is a model indicating not only levels of knowledge,
but basically levels of everything. It is divided into four levels and two
sides. The left side consists of ways we know, become aware of, and perceive
things, while the right side consists of the objects of knowledge, awareness,
and perception. The bottom half includes those things in the physical realm and
the top half i... Full-text essay
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Socrates' ideal city is described through Plato in his work The Republic, some
questions pondered through the text could be; How is this an "ideal"
city, and is justice in the city relative to that of the human soul? I believe
Socrates found the true meaning of justice in the larger atmosphere of the city
and applied that concept to the human soul. Socrates describes his idea of an
&quo... Full-text essay
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Throughout history, philosophers have sought to understand the nature of true
knowledge and how to achieve it. Most believe that true knowledge is acquired
empirically, and not latent in our minds from birth. In Plato’s Meno, Socrates
argues in favour of the pre-natal existence of knowledge, the opposite of this
proposal: that knowledge is essentially latent, and is brought to light through
quest... Full-text essay
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In Plato's Phaedo, Socrates is explaining to his friends that the acquiring
knowledge comes from a recollection of things from a previous life. Socrates
uses this as a way to comfort his friends. Based on this, according to Socrates,
if a human being can learn anything, they must have known something about what
it is they are learning about. If a human being has known something without
having bee... Full-text essay
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Plato’s Phaedo is a dialog between Phaedo, Cebes, and Simmias depicting
Socrates explanation as to why death should not be feared by a true philosopher.
For if a person truly applies oneself in the right way to philosophy, as the
pursuit of ultimate truth, they are preparing themselves for the very act of
dying. Plato, through Socrates, bases his proof on the immortality of the soul,
and it being... Full-text essay
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Virtues contribute to people’s actions in today’s society. Society as a
whole has a common set of virtues that many people agree on. In today’s
society, these are known as laws. Virtues also mold the individual outlook on
life, and give them the moral’s to do what is right. In The Republic, Plato
divides the city into three classes: gold, silver, as well as bronze and iron
souls. Each class is de... Full-text essay
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After reading Plato’s account of Socrates defense, the Apology, I was
completely blown away by the power of Socrates words and ideas. The reading left
me thinking about how I felt regarding what he had said about virtue, truth and
the quest for both. In class, we discussed Socrates search for virtue and we
touched on the topic of this paper: the reasons Socrates believed that "the
unexamined... Full-text essay
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One of the most interesting and influential thinkers of all time was Socrates,
whose dedication to careful reasoning helped form the basis for philosophy.
Socrates applied logical tricks in the pursuit for the truth. Consequently, his
willingness to call everything into question and his determination to accept
nothing less than an adequate account of the nature of things made him one of
the first... Full-text essay
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Plato's Theory of Knowledge is very interesting. He expresses this theory with
three approaches: his allegory of The Cave, his metaphor of the Divided Line and
his doctrine The Forms. Each theory is interconnected; one could not be without
the other. Here we will explore how one relates to the other. In The Cave, Plato
describes a vision of shackled prisoners seated in a dark cave facing the wall... Full-text essay
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Political philosophy’s are the theories and ideas of those who believe that
they have an answer to the questions that politics raise in society. The
questions that these political philosophers set out to answer range from
describing what the state of nature is to what type of regimes are necessary to
tame and organize the nature of man. The ideas that they come up with are not
all that original. ... Full-text essay
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“The many of whom none is individually an excellent man, nevertheless can when
joined together be better-not as individuals but all together-than those [who
are the best], just as dinners contributed [by many] can be better than those
equipped from a single expenditure.” (Page 101) When it came to ruling the
city, Plato believed that the best ruler would be the philosopher. That person
who know w... Full-text essay
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To compare the political theories of two great philosophers of politics is to
first examine each theory in depth. Plato is regarded by many experts as the
first writer of political philosophy, and Aristotle is recognized as the first
political scientist. These two men were great thinkers. They each had ideas of
how to improve existing societies during their individual lifetimes. It is
necessary t... Full-text essay
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The censorship of pornography has been an issue that has been under constant
debate in our society. There are many arguments for and against the censorship
of pornographic materials. In the broadest of explanations, the argument
supporting an increase in censorship is rooted in the belief that such material
may cause direct and/or indirect detriments to society. Advocates for freedom of
expressio... Full-text essay
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Prejudice has been apart of human beings since the beginning of time. People
hold disparaging views towards other groups because of sex, race, color and
religious beliefs. If our society hopes to move forward and continue to be
productive, prejudice must stop. In a time when the world is advanced as it ever
has been, prejudice still remains a major problem. Discovering the roots of
prejudice, and... Full-text essay
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What is the extent of prejudice? How far will it go until the entire world
realizes that it is wrong? Prejudice continues to infect and destroy the dreams
and minds of many people. A human being is not born with prejudice. Prejudice is
taught to children at an early age to make certain that their father’s beliefs
continue. By the time a child reaches adulthood, he or she might have the same
hatre... Full-text essay
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Traditional sociological analyses tie secondary socialization sources to
behavior, usually using linkage through stress. Situations, personal traits,
etc. lead to stress, and drugs relieve them. According to Oetting and
Donnermeyer, these secondary socialization sources operate only via their
effects on primary socializations sources. "Unless a personality trait, a
community characteristic, ... Full-text essay
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Although many of the same ideas are contained in both The Prince and the
Discourses, these two works differ significantly in emphasis because they
discuss two different types of political systems. The Prince, is one of the
first examinations of politics and science from a purely scientific and rational
perspective. In The Prince, Machiavelli was concerned with a principality, a
state in which one... Full-text essay
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One must decide the meaning of “progressive historiography.” It can mean
either the history written by “progressive historians,” or it can mean
history written by historians of the Progressive era of American history and
shortly after. The focus that was chosen for this paper is more in keeping with
the latter interpretation, if for no other reason than it provides a useful
compare-and-contrast “... Full-text essay
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In the prophet it does not tell you how to live, but it tells you how life
works. I do not agree with everything that is said, but as a whole I like the
message the book sends. I have taken my five favorite chapters, and broken them
down for this report. Eating and Drinking- I think he is saying that we do not
have to become vegetarians, but we must never take more than we need. I think
this appl... Full-text essay
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I. Introduction Prostitution, performance of sexual acts solely for the purpose
of material gain. Persons prostitute themselves when they grant sexual favors to
others in exchange for money, gifts, or other payment and in so doing use their
bodies as commodities. In legal terms, the word prostitute refers only to those
who engage overtly in such sexual-economic transactions, usually for a specifi... Full-text essay
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One of the toughest and deepest issues in life is the purpose of man. This issue
can never be simply answered. Many historians have dissected the subject and
have come up with many different ideas. One of these historians, thought to be
the greatest of all, is Aristotle. He stated that each person has his own
“telos” or goal in life. Each individual human has there own purpose in
life, whether th... Full-text essay
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Qualitative analysis is used in the determination of the identity of a
substance. It is different from quantitative analysis, which deals with the
determination of the amount of a substance. In this experiment, qualitative
analysis techniques are used to determine whether or not a sample contains a
certain ion. When using this method, an unknown and a reactant are mixed. The
result of the reactio... Full-text essay
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Quantim Mechanics is abranch of mathematical physics that deals with the
emission and absorption of energy by matter and with the motion of material
particles. Because it holds that energy and matter exist in tiny, discrete
amounts, quantum mechanics is particularly applicable to Elamentry Pprticlesand
the interactions between them. According to the older theories of classical
physics, energy is ... Full-text essay
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Throughout the history of the country, America has been considered a fairly
racist union. Undoubtedly the greatest injustice in the United States to this
day is the white’s treatment of African-Americans, specifically slavery. The
vast majority of non-black people of that time believed that blacks were not
equal to other races. White Americans of the slavery period specifically held
this view. It... Full-text essay
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Appiah addresses the issues of racialism, intrinsic racism, and extrensic racism
in his article entitled RACISMS. However, after analyzing Appiah’s views on
racism and its different forms, his views on the theoretical validity of
racialism and extrinsic racism are seriously doubted. Appiah defines racialism
as “the view that there are essentail characteristics that allow us to
classify people int... Full-text essay
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Erected during age of Transcendentalism during the mid 19th century until its
plunge after the Civil War, Realism and Naturalism, were ideas that are brought
up in philosophical thinking. Both Realism and Naturalism are logical concepts
upon how to describe the affects upon ones self and are popularly expressed
through art and literature. Though they seem similar, they, in many ways,
greatly diff... Full-text essay
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What is real? Our perception of reality is often in the hands of the community
we live in. We formulate ideas of reality using experience of our own as well as
those of others around us. Our lives are constantly being influenced by our
surroundings. The idea that our perception of reality is determined by the
consensus of our community can be seen throughout history, movies and
literature, as wel... Full-text essay
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Generally speaking, the purpose of most forms of artistic expression such as
literary art, music, or art itself is a mode by which the author can express
him/herself with. They use their respective skills and/or interests to convey
feelings or thoughts on any given topic. Short fiction is by no means exempt
from this. Many writers use their literary skills to express dreams,
aspirations, opinions... Full-text essay
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Reincarnation has been the talk for thousands of years. The gospels say when the
Christian Master (Jesus) asked "Whom say the people that I am?," One
answered "Jesus was John the Baptist returned." It was well known by
then John the Baptist had been decapitated long before. Others said "He was
regarded as the reincarnation either of Elias or of Jerimias." They both
h... Full-text essay
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One version of relative truth is used when people disagree. A person might say
"Well, that may be true for you, but its not true for me." The
implication here is often that there is no real truth to the matter but is
instead a matter merely of belief. You believe what you want to believe and I'll
believe what I want to believe and let's go on our merry way. You can see what a
boon to se... Full-text essay
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The theory of relativity was introduced by Albert Einstein around the early
nineteen hundereds. It is a theory which enables the human mind to understand
the possible actions of the universe. The theory is divided into two parts, the
special, and the general. In each part, there is a certain limit to which it
explains and helps to comprehend. In the special, Einstein explains ways of
understandin... Full-text essay
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In John A. Robertson's essay, "Cruzan: No Rights Violated," he argues
that the decision made by the Missouri Supreme Court to deny Nancy Beth Cruzan's
parents' request to have their daughter's artificial nutrition and hydration
tube removed was not a violation of Nancy Beth Cruzan's right to refuse
treatment because she had not personally refused treatment. Robertson also
claims that ke... Full-text essay
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Henry David Thoreau often took extreme positions on the issue of government and
its role in society. To this somewhat rebellious transcendentalist, government
should not govern people at all and law was often meant to be broken. Thoreau's
belief in individualism was so strong in fact that it seems he often took sides
on an in issue simply to be in favor of the minority, whether the majority was
r... Full-text essay
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Jean Jacques Rousseau was a very famous french philosopher. He wrote many
popular stories and operas during his life. He was a very smart man who was born
into a disturbed family. Jean Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva on June 28th,
in 1712. Rousseau’s mother died while giving birth to him. His father was a
very violent tempered man and he paid little attention to Jean’s training. His
father wo... Full-text essay
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Religion is a component of almost every society. Knowing this, one might look at
the function it serves. For Jean-Jacques Rousseau, religion, specifically a
civil religion established by the Sovereign, is an instrument of politics that
serves a motivating function. In a new society people are unable to understand
the purpose of the law. Therefore, civil religion motivates people to obey the
law b... Full-text essay
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